• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.214-222
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• 1972

In the optic,11 grade LiF crystal, the electron traps corresponding to the thermoluminescence(abbreviated to TL) glow peak develop as irradiation dose is increased. Originally the electron trap of the crystal has two levels but as the dose reaches to the order of 10$^4$rontgen, it attains five levels as observed in the TL glow curves. The five trap depths are determined from the glow peak temperatures for two different heating rates, $\theta$=6.6$^{\circ}C$/sec and 3.4$^{\circ}C$/sec. The electron trap depths have the following values E$_1$=0.79 eV, E$_2$=0.93 eV, E$_3$=1.02 eV, E$_4$=1.35 eV, E$_{5}$=1.69eV. The special feature of thermoluminescence of optical grade LiF is that the traps, except E$_1$and E$_2$corresponding to 12$0^{\circ}C$ glow peak and 15$0^{\circ}C$ glow peak for $\theta$=6.6$^{\circ}C$/sec, have severe thermal instability, namely E$_3$, E$_4$and E$_{5}$ levels disappear during bleaching process. These defects in the optical grade LiF crystal seem annealed out during the course of TL measurement. The fresh or long time unused LiF(Mg) crystal shows only two glow peaks at 17$0^{\circ}C$ and 23$0^{\circ}C$ for $\theta$=6.6$^{\circ}C$/sec, but upon sensitization with r-ray irradiation, it converts to the six glow peak state. The four electron traps, E$_1$, E$_2$, E$_3$, and E$_{6}$ created by r-ray irradiation and corresponding to the glow peaks at T=10$0^{\circ}C$ 13$0^{\circ}C$, 15$0^{\circ}C$ and 29$0^{\circ}C$ are stable and not easily annealed out thermally, The sensitization essentially required to LiF(Mg) dosimeter is to give the crystal the stable six levels in the electron trap. In optical grade LiF, the plot between logarithm of total TL output versus logarithm of r-ray dose gives more supra-linear feature than that of LiF(Mg). However, if one takes the height of 12$0^{\circ}C$ glow peak(S=6.6$^{\circ}C$/sec), instead of the total TL output, the curve becomes close to that of LiF(Mg).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.293-299
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• 2003

Structure-activity relationship studies of allylamine type of antimycotics were carried out to evaluate the effect of naphthyl and methyl portion of naftifine. Compounds with 4-fluorophenyl(2a-5a), 2-fluorophenyl(2b-5b), 2,4-dichlorophenyl(2c-5c), 2,6-dichlorophenyl(2d-5d), 4-nitrophenyl(2e-5e), and 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxan-6-yl( 2f-5f) instead of naphthyl group with hydrogen(3a-3f), methyl(4a-4f), and ethyl(5a-5f) in the place of methyl in naftifine were synthesized and tested their in vitro anti-fungal activity against five different fungi. Eight compounds(3a, 5a, 3c, 4c, 4d, 5d, 5e, and 4f) showed significant antifungal activity against T. mentagrophytes. (E)-N-Ethyl-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-4-nitro-benzenemethaneamine(5e) displayed moderate antifungal activity against all five different fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 1984

The reorientational motion of $C_6F_6$ in neat liquid is investigated in the temperature range 293∼333K by analyzing ${\nu}_2$ and ${\nu}_16$ bands of its Raman spectrum. Diffusion constants for the tumbling ($D_{\bo}$) and spinning ($D_{\parallel}$) motions are determined. The reorientation of the molecule seems to be distinctly anisotropic. Based on the hydrodynamic model, the tumbling motion of the figure axis of $C_6F_6$ is largely diffusional. On the other hand, the spinning motion of the same axis looks mostly inertial.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2016

Objectives: In this study, we investigated the biodegradation rates of 8 perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) alternatives synthesized at the at Changwon National University in comparison to those of PFOS potassium salt and PFOS sodium salt. Methods: A biodegradability test was performed for 28 days with microorganisms cultured in the good laboratory practice laboratory at the Korea Environment Corporation following the OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test No. 301 C Results: While $C_5H_8F_3SO_3K$, $C_8F_{17}SO_3K$ and $C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$ were not degraded after 28 days, the 3 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 31.4% for $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$, 25.6% for $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$, 23.6% for $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, 20.9% for $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$, 15.5% for $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$, 8.5% for $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ and 4.8% for $C_6H_8F_5SO_3K$. When the concentration was the same(500 mg/L), $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ had the lowest tension with 20.94 mN/m, which was followed by $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ (23.36 mN/m), $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ (27.31 mN/m), $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$ (28.17 mN/m), $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$ (29.77 mN/m) and $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$ (33.89 mN/m). Having higher surface tension of 57.64 mN/m and 67.57 mN/m, respectively, than those of the two types of PFOS salts, $C_6H_8F_5SO_3K$ and $C_5H_8F_3SO_3K$ were found valueless as substitute for PFOS. Conclusion: The biodegradation test suggest that 6 compounds could be used as substitutes for PFOS. $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$ and $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ were found to be the best substitutes based on biodegradation rate and surface tension, followed by $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, $C_8H_8F_9SO_3K$ and $C_{10}H_8F_{13}SO_3K$. $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$ was found to have relatively low value as an alternative but it still had a potential to substitute the conventional PFOS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.2060-2069
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• 2017

Newcastle disease is a serious infectious disease in the poultry industry. The commercial vaccines can only offer limited protection and some of them are expensive and need adjuvants. At present, DNA vaccines are widely used. However, the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines are too slow and low. Here, we constructed the transfer vectors with a different number of C3d as molecular adjuvants (n = 1, 2, 4, or 6), and the vectors were cloned into the optimal eukaryotic expression plasmid (pVAXI-optiF) that expressed the F gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and named pVAXI-F(o)-C3d1, pVAXI -F(o)-C3d2, pVAXI-F(o)-C3d4, and pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6, respectively. Cell transfection test indicated that pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 showed the highest expression. In vivo immunization showed that the chickens immunized with pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 intramuscularly induced better immune responses than the chickens immunized with the other plasmids. The protective efficacy of pVAXI-F(o)-C3d6 was 80% after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9. The results in this study showed that C3d6 could be used as a molecular adjuvant to quickly induce an effective immune response to control NDV.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.49-63
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study is investigating the changes of treatment plan and comparing skin dose with or without the skin flash. To investigate optimal applications of the skin flash, the changes of skin dose of each plans by various thicknesses of skin flash were measured and analyzed also. Methods and Material : Anthropomorphic phantom was scanned by CT for this study. The 2 fields hybrid IMRT and the 6 fields static IMRT were generated from the Eclipse (ver. 13.7.16, Varian, USA) RTP system. Additional plans were generated from each IMRT plans by changing skin flash thickness to 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm. MU and maximum doses were measured also. The treatment equipment was 6MV of VitalBeam (Varian Medical System, USA). Measuring device was a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET). Measuring points of skin doses are upper (1), middle (2) and lower (3) positions from center of the left breast of the phantom. Other points of skin doses, artificially moved to medial and lateral sides by 0.5 cm, were also measured. Results : The reference value of 2F-hIMRT was 206.7 cGy at 1, 186.7 cGy at 2, and 222 cGy at 3, and reference values of 6F-sIMRT were measured at 192 cGy at 1, 213 cGy at 2, and 215 cGy at 3. In comparison with these reference values, the first measurement point in 2F-hIMRT was 261.3 cGy with a skin flash 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm, and the highest dose difference was 26.1 %diff. and 5.6 %diff, respectively. The third measurement point was 245.3 cGy and 10.5 %diff at the skin flash 2.5 cm. In the 6F-sIMRT, the highest dose difference was observed at 216.3 cGy and 12.7 %diff. when applying the skin flash 2.0 cm for the first measurement point and the dose difference was the largest at the application point of 2.0 cm, not the skin flash 2.5 cm for each measurement point. In cases of medial 0.5 cm shift points of 2F-hIMRT and 6F-sIMRT without skin flash, the measured value was -75.2 %diff. and -70.1 %diff. at 2F, At -14.8, -12.5, and -21.0 %diff. at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd measurement points, respectively. Generally, both treatment plans showed an increase in total MU, maximum dose and %diff as skin flash thickness increased, except for some results. The difference of skin dose using 0.5 cm thickness of skin flash was lowest lesser than 20 % in every conditions. Conclusion : Minimizing the thickness of skin flash by 0.5 cm is considered most ideal because it makes it possible to keep down MUs and lowering maximum doses. In addition, It was found that MUs, maximum doses and differences of skin doses did not increase infinitely as skin flash thickness increase by. If the error margin caused by PTV or other factors is lesser than 1.0 cm, It is considered that there will be many advantages in with the skin flash technique comparing without it.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.214-220
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• 1991

The effects of $SiO_2$ reactive ion etching (RIE) in $CHF_{3/}C_2F_6$ on the surface properties of the underlying Si substrate were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) techniques. Angle-resolved XPS analysis was carried out as non-destructive depth profile one for investigating the chemical bonding states of silicion, carbon, oxygen and fluorine. The residue layer consists of C-F polymer. O-F bond was found on the top of the polymer layer and Si-O, Si-C and Si-F bonds were detected between Si substrate and polymer film. A 60nm thick damaged layer of silicon surface mainly contains carbon and fluorine.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.295-300
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• 2013

Der f 2 is the group 2 major allergen of a house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) and its function has been recently suggested. To determine the optimal condition of sensitization to recombinant Der f 2 (rDer f 2) in murine model of asthma, we compared the effectiveness with different adjuvants in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Mice from both strains sensitized with rDer f 2 by intraperitoneal injection or subcutaneous injection on days 1 and 14. The dosage was $20{\mu}g$. Freund's adjuvants with pertussis toxin (FP) or alum alone were used as adjuvants. On days 28, 29, and 30, mice were challenged intranasally with 0.1% rDer f 2. We evaluated airway hyperresponsivenss, eosinophil proportion in lung lavage, airway inflammation, and serum allergen specific antibody responses. Naive mice were used as controls. Airway hyperresponsiveness was increased in C57BL/6 with FP, and BALB/c with alum (PC200: $13.5{\pm}6.3$, $13.2{\pm}6.7$ vs. >50 mg/ml, p<0.05). The eosinophil proportion was increased in all groups; C57BL/6 with FP, BALB/c with FP, C57BL/6 with alum, BALB/c with alum ($24.8{\pm}3.6$, $20.3{\pm}10.3$, $11.0{\pm}6.9$, $5.7{\pm}2.8$, vs. $0.0{\pm}0.0$%, p<0.05). The serum allergen specific IgE levels were increased in C57BL/6 with FP or alum (OD: $0.8{\pm}1.4$, $1.1{\pm}0.8$, vs. $0.0{\pm}0.0$). C57BL/6 mice were better responders to rDer f 2 and as for adjuvants, Freund's adjuvant with pertussis toxin was better.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1206-1212
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• 2009

Growth rates, photosystem II photosynthesis, and the levels of chlorophyll $\alpha$ and secondary metabolites of Chlorella ovalis were estimated to determine if they were enhanced by the addition of swine urine (BM) or cow compost water (EP) that had been fermented by soil bacteria to deep seawater (DSW) in an attempt to develop media that enabled batch mass culture at lower costs. Growth of C. ovalis in f/2, f/2-EDTA+BM60%, DSW+BM30%, and DSW+EP60% was enhanced and maintained in the log phase of growth for 16 days. The cell densities of C. ovalis in DSW+EP60% ($4.1{\times}10^6$ Cells/ml) were higher than those of f/2 ($2.9{\times}10^6$ Cells/ml), f/2-E+BM60% ($3.7{\times}10^6$ Cells/ml), and DSW+BM30% ($2.7{\times}10^6$ Cells/ml). The growth rate was also more favorable for C. ovalis cultured in DSW+EP60% ($0.15\;day^{-1}$) than that of C. ovalis cultured in the control medium (f/2) ($0.12\;day^{-1}$). Furthermore, the chlorophyll a concentration of C. ovalis cultured in DSW+EP60% (4.56 mg/l) was more than 2-fold greater than that of C. ovalis cultured in f/2 (2.35 mg/l). Moreover, the maximal quantum yields of photo system II at 470 nm (Fv/Fm) were significantly higher in organisms cultured at f/2-E+BM60% (0.53) and DSW+EP60% (0.52) than in the other treatment groups. Finally, Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed that C. ovalis grown in DSW+EP60% had more typical peaks and various biochemical pool shifts than those grown in other types of media. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that the use of DSW+EP60% to culture C. ovalis can reduce maintenance expenses and promote higher yields.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2011

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious viral disease in chicken. It causes heavy economic loss by immune suppression and high mortality. The IBDV, designated Avibirnavirus in the Family Birnaviridae, has a double-stranded RNA genome formed by two segments, segment A and segment B. Segment A encodes a 108 KDa polypeptide that is self-cleaved to produce pVP2, VP3 and VP4, and later pVP2 is cleaved to VP2. The VP2 contains the antigenic regions responsible for elicitation of neutralizing antibodies and VP3 is a major immunogenic protein of IBDV. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for IBDV were produced and characterized. All 15 MAbs were specific for IBDV and did not react with other viruses used in this study. The protein specificity of MAbs was determined by comparing the reactivity patterns of each MAb with IBDV VP2 and VP234 recombinant baculoviruses and Western blot analysis. As a result, 7 MAbs (1F5, 2C8, 2F4, 3C7, 4C3, 6F11, 6G5) and 5 MAbs (2A4, 2G2, 3F5, 3G2, 4F10) were specific for VP2 and VP3, respectively. The protein specificity of 3 MAbs (2B8, 3F7, 3F8) were not determined. Five (2C8, 2F4, 4C3, 6F11, 6G5) of the VP2-specific MAbs had a neutralizing activity against IBDV. Some MAbs reacted with IBDV-infected bursa of Fabricius by indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. The MAbs produced in this study would be used for diagnostic reagents for the detection of IBDV infection.