• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2004

To identify genes involved in the decolorization of both crystal violet and malachite green, we isolated random mutants generated by transposon insertion in triphenylmethane-decolorizing bacterium, Citrobacter sp. The resulting mutant bank yielded 14 mutants with complete defect in color removal capability of both crystal violet and malachite green. Southern hybridization with a Tn5 fragment as a probe showed a single hybridized band in 5 mutants and these mutants appeared to have insertions at different sites of the chromosome. Tn5-inserted genes were isolated and the DNA sequence flanking Tn5 was determined. From comparison with a sequence database, putative protein products encoded by cmg genes were identified as follows. cmg 2 is MaIC protein in maltose transport system; cmg 6 is transcriptional regulator (LysR-type): cmg 12 is a putative oxidoreductase. The sequences deduced from two cmg genes, cmg 8 and cmg 11, showed no significant similarity to any protein with a known function. Therefore, these results indicate that these two cmg genes encode unidentified proteins responsible for decolorization of both crystal violet and malachite green.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 1995

For the effective utilization of skipjack tuna viscera, a study was carried out to investigate the applicability of viscera protein hydrolysate (VPH) as a protein supplement in the processing of imitation sauce and bread. The optimum extraction and hydrolyzation conditions for the production of viscera protein concentrate (VPC) and viscera protein hydrolysate (VPH) were determined. Boiled viscera could be extracted by ethyl alcohol without significant deterioration as a raw material for the further processing. High quality of VPH could be obtained by hydrolysis with 1% pepsin under its optimum condition $(pH\;1.65,\;37^{\circ}C)$. The solubilities of VPC and VPH were 40% and 90%, respectively, and the essential amino acid contents in two products were 48.7% and 63.2%, respectively. Especially, the content of taurine, a physiologically important amino acid, was 9.4% in VPH. In experimental preparations of imitation sauce and bread, panel test showed that the supplementation of 10% of VPH in imitation sauce and $3{\sim}5%$ of VPH in bread was well accepted in sensory characteristics such as color, flavor, taste and texture.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 1996

The subject of this study was to analyse overviews of companies which exceed TLV by industry, hazardous factors, and to estimate the numbers of companies measured in 1993 and the implementation rate of working environment measurement by the act of industrial safety and health The result of this study was as follow. 1. The number of cases which exceed TLV was 5,937 companies. In distribution of excess companies by the scale of workers, small scale cases under the 49 workers were 3,150 companies(53.0%) of total cases, medium scale cases between 50 - 299 workers were 2,248 companies(37.9%), and large scale cases over 300 workers were 539 companies(9.1%). By the industry of excess companies, it was marked high rate in manufacture of fabricared metal products(except machinary and equipment), manufacture of textiles of each 1,048 companies(17.7%), and 1,018 companies(17.1%). By the area of excess companies, it was shown high rate in Kyeongki area marked 1,679 companies(28.3%) and Daegu-Kyeongbuk area were marked 1,417 companies (23.9%). By the hazardous factors of excess companies, noise was recorded high rate in 5,160 companies (86.9%), dust was shown in 1,245 companies(21.0%), organic solvent was marked 130 companies(7.9%). The number of excess factors by the company was 1.2. In this result, the more it was bigger scale companies, the more excess factors were much more and the more it was recorded higher rate in noise organic solvent heavy metals, etc. 2. The measured cases in institutes during 1994 were 1,596 companies, and excess cases were 157 companies(9.8%) among them. By the scale of workers, small scale cases under the 49 workers were 190 companies (17.9%) among 1,064 companies, cases of medium scale cases between 50-299 workers were 127 companies (27.9%) among 463 companies, and large scale cases over 300 workers were 31 companies(44.9%) among 69 companies. In this result industry of the highest rate shown was manufacture of basic metals in 20 companies exceeded among 53 companies (37.7%), and was manufacture of pulp, paper production in 14 companies exceeded among 40 companies(35.0%), and the excess rate were high in bigger scale. 3. Companies estimated by the data of excess cases and excess rate in 1993 were 30,474 implementation rate estimated for measurement of working environment was 34.3% of companies in korean industry. In this result, it was comparatively shown of measurement rate for the working environment in manufacture of pulp, paper product, manufacture of machinary and equipment n.e.c., and of high measurement rate and excess rate in manufacture of electrial machinary and apparatus, and manufacture of basic metals.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2020

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of dietary protease on immune responses of weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 75; 7.06 ± 0.18 kg BW; 28 d old) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 pens/treatment). Dietary treatments were positive control, a diet with required protein level (PC), negative control, a diet with lower protein level than PC (NC), and NC + 0.02% dietary protease (PRO). The dietary protease used in this experiment was a commercial product containing 75,000 protease units/g derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. The dietary treatments did not contain any ingredients or additives that may provide antibacterial or physiological effects. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 6 weeks. Blood was collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen on d 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning. Measurements were number of white blood cells (WBC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Pigs fed PRO had lower WBC on d 7 (14.84 vs 20.42 × 10³/μL; p < 0.05) and TNF-α on d 7 (618 vs 889 pg/mL; p = 0.085) and 14 (437 vs 576 pg/mL; p = 0.069) than those fed NC, but there were no differences on WBC and TNF-α between PC and PRO. Pigs fed PRO had lower TGF-β1 on d 3 (630 vs. 1,588 and 1,396 pg/mL; p < 0.05) than those fed PC and NC. However, no differences were found on CRP among dietary treatments. In conclusion, addition of dietary protease reduced inflammatory immune responses of weaned pigs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1998

As a part of investigation for quality improvement of surimi gel from fish with a red muscle by addition of calcium-based powder from fish bone, we investigated the processing condition of calcium-fortified mackerel surumi gel and its quality stability during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. Judging from the results of the soluble calcium content and jelly strength, the reasonable addition concentration of calcium-based powder from Alaska pollack bone for improvement of functional properties in surimi gel was revealed 0.9% on the weight basis of the chopped mackerel meat. The soluble calcium content of the calcium-fortified surimi gel (105.0 mg/100 g) was more than that of the ordinary surumi gel (2.9 mg/100 g). During cold storage of calcium-fortified surumi gel, the moisture contents, amino acid compositions, soluble calcium and phosphorus contents were little changed, the pH, volatile basic nitrogen contents, histamine contents, peroxide values and brown pigment formation were slightly increased and viable cell counts and coliform groups were not detected. The calcium-fortified surimi gel was superior in the lysine and calcium contents, EPA and DHA compositions to the ordinary surumi gel. Judging from the results, it was suggested that calcium-fortified surumi gel was nutritive, functional and safety foods.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.738-749
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• 2022

Background: Ginseng possesses antitumor effects, and ginsenosides are considered to be one of its main active chemical components. Ginsenosides can further be hydrolyzed to generate secondary saponins, and 20(R)-panaxotriol is an important sapogenin of ginsenosides. We aimed to synthesize a new ginsengenin derivative from 20(R)-panaxotriol and investigate its antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Here, 20(R)-panaxotriol was selected as a precursor and was modified into its derivatives. The new products were characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and HR-MS and evaluated by molecular docking, MTT, luciferase reporter assay, western blotting, immunofluorescent staining, colony formation assay, EdU labeling and immunofluorescence, apoptosis assay, cells migration assay, transwell assay and in vivo antitumor activity assay. Results: The derivative with the best antitumor activity was identified as 6,12-dihydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-(2,6,6-trimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl(tert-butoxycarbonyl)glycinate (A11). The focus of this research was on the antitumor activity of the derivatives. The efficacy of the derivative A11 (IC₅₀ < 0.3 µM) was more than 100 times higher than that of 20(R)- panaxotriol (IC₅₀ > 30 µM). In addition, A11 inhibited the protein expression and nuclear accumulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α in HeLa cells under hypoxic conditions in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, A11 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HeLa cells, while promoting their apoptosis. Notably, the inhibition by A11 was more significant than that by 20(R)-panaxotriol (p < 0.01) in vivo. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the production of derivative A11 from 20(R)-panaxotriol and its superior antitumor activity compared to its precursor. Moreover, derivative A11 can be used to further study and develop novel antitumor drugs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.312-312
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• 2022

Peanut hull as by-product has been discarded during peanut processing. However, peanut hull contains plenty of polyphenols that shows various physiological activities. The objectives of this study were to investigate anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibitory activities of polyphenols from 'Sinpalkwang' peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) hull. Compounds were isolated from methanol extracts of peanut hull by preparative-high performance liquid chromatography after identifying and quantifying polyphenols using Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and UPLC-Quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry profiling. The structures of compounds were elucidated by one-dimensional [¹H, ¹³C] nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and two-dimensional NMR (correlated spectroscopy, heteronuclear single quantum coherence and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation). Three compounds were identified as 5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (peak 2), luteolin (peak 4) and eriodictyol (peak 5). Significant differences in inflammatory mediator such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-lβ) in lipopolysaccharide stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages and in enzyme (xanthine oxidase [XO] and α-glucosidase [AG]) inhibitory activities were observed between three compounds (p < 0.05). Peak 5 treated Raw 264.7 macrophages showed lower content of NO (16.4 uM), IL-6 (7.0 ng/mL), and IL-1β (60.6 pg/mL) than peak 2 (NO: 28.3 uM, IL-6: 11.3 ng/mL, IL-1β: 66.9 pg/mL) and peak 4 (NO: 24.7 uM, IL-6: 9.3 ng/mL, IL-1β: 62.6 pg/mL). Peak 5 showed higher XO inhibitory activity (84.7%) and higher AG inhibitory activity (52.4%) than peak 2 (XO inhibitory activity: 45.4%, AG inhibitory activity: 21.6%) and peak 4 (XO inhibitory activity: 37.9%, AG inhibitory activity: 37.5%) at concentration of 0.5mg/mL. This study suggests that peanut hull could be a potential source of anti-inflammatory and physiological materials while creating new use of discarded peanut hull as by-products concomitantly.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.387-403
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• 2020

This experiment was carried out to determine optimal concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant in pepper. As human beings enter the age of 100, they are naturally recognized as a standard of high quality agricultural products for safety and improvement of functional materials. Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables in the world and there is a growing interest in varieties with high functional content. However, there is a limit to the improvement of functional materials of certain varieties, so it is necessary to study the improvement of materials by cultivation physiology and environmental conditions. The test material was sown on March 15th in Wanju province and on June 15th in rain shelter house using pepper "suppermanidda" varieties. To investigate the optimum concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant, 15 kinds of treatments were carried out including control, tomato liquid fertilizer etc. The liquid fertilizer of organic material was treated with 6 times of irrigation, and the analysis of nutrients and antioxidant was done by harvesting pepper on the September 10th. The contents of beta-carotene was increased in the T3, T4, T12 treatments, vitamin C was in the P14 treatments, flavonoid, polyphenol were in the P12 treatment compared to the control. In T12 treatment, flavonoid increased by 115.9%, polyphenol by 121.7%, beta-carotene by 117.2% and vitamin C by 136.1% compared to the control. There was no significant difference in the growth characteristics and characteristics of pepper fruit of pepper according to liquid fertilizer treatment. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the organic antioxidant is affected by the liquid fertilizer treatments of organic materials and it is necessary to study the environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture and photosynthesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.319-326
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• 2003

Angiotensin-I converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitor was isolated from beef by-products. The beef by- product hydrolysates prepared with various proteases were tested for the inhibitory effects against ACE. The proteases used were proteinase A from bakers yeast, protease type ⅩIII fungal and thermolysin. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed after hydrolysis for 12hrs(beef heart) and 24hrs(beef spleen), respectively. After gel filtration, IC50 value was 0.37mg/ml in beef heart and 1.84mg/ml in beef spleen. After RP-HPLC, the IC50 value of peak 1, peak 2, peak 3 and peak-4 were 0.28mg/ml, 0.26mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml and 0.35mg/ml, respectively. In the results of amino acid composition of peak 1, peak 2, peak 3 and peak 4, it was observed that peak 1 was consisted mainly of glycine and methionine, peak 2 was proline, cystine and methionine, peak 3 was proline and peak 4 was alanine, methionine and leucine. In conclusion, beef heart hydrolysate treated with thermolysin+ proteinase A was shown to have the highest inhibitory effect for 12hrs incubation at 37$^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.119-133
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• 2011

Sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant weeds include seven annual weeds such as Monochoria vaginalis, Scirpus juncoides and Cyperus difformis, etc., and three perennial weeds of Scirpus planiculmis, Sagittaria pigmaea and Eleocharis acicularis as of 2010 since identification Monochoria korsakowii in the reclaimed rice field in 1998. The Echinochloa oryzoides resistant to acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors has been confirmed in wet-direct seeding rice field of the southern province, Korea in 2009. In the beginning of occurrence of SU-resistant weeds the M. vaginalis, S. juncoides and C. difformis were rapidly and individually spreaded in different fields, however, theses resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same filed as time goes by. The resistant biotype by weed species demonstrated about 10- to 1,000-fold resistance, base on $GR_{50}$ (50% growth reduction) values of the SU herbicides tested. And the resistant biotype of E. oryzoides to cyhalofop-butyl, pyriminobac-methyl, and penoxsulam was about 14, 8, and 11 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype base on $GR_{50}$ values. In history of paddy herbicides in Korea, the introduction of SU herbicides including besulfuron-metyl and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl that control many troublesome weeds at low use rates and provide excellent crop safety gave farmers and many workers for herbicide business refreshing jolt. The products and applied area of SU-included herbicides have been rapidly increased, and have accounted for about 69% and 96%, respectively, in Korea. The top ten herbicides by applied area were composed of all SU-included herbicides by 2003. The concentrated and successive treatment of ACCase and ALS inhibitors for control of barnyardgrass in direct-seeded rice led up to the resistance of E. oryzoides. Also, SU-herbicides like pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imazosulfuron which are effective to barnyardgrass can be bound up with the resistance of E. oryzoides. The ALS activity isolated from the resistant biotype of M. korsakowii to SU-herbicides tested was less sensitive than that of susceptible biotype. The concentration of herbicide required for 50% inhibition of ALS activity ($I_{50}$) of the SU-resistant M. korsakowii was 14- to 76-fold higher as compared to the susceptible biotype. No differences were observed in the rates of [$^{14}C$]bensulfuron uptake and translocation. ALS genes from M. vaginalis resistant and susceptible biotypes against SU-herbicides revealed a single amino acid substitution of proline (CCT), at 197th position based on the M. korsakowii ALS sequence numbering, to serin (TCT) in conserved domain A of the gene. Carfentrazone-ethyl and pyrazolate were used mainly to control SU-resistant M. vaginalis by 2006, the early period, in Korea. However, the alternative herbicides such as benzobicyclone, to be possible to control simultaneously the several resistant weeds, have been developing and using broadly because the several resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same filed. The top ten herbicides by applied area in Korea have been occupied by products of 3-way mixture type including herbicides with alternative mode of action for the herbicide resistant weeds. Mefenacet, fentrazamide and cafenstrole had excellent controlling effects on the ACCase and ALS inhibitors resistant when they were applied within 2 leaf stage.