• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.11
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• pp.77-82
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• 1969

In order to determine an optimum pressure condition of the storage chamber of apples, several reduced pressure were examined for the Jonathan. The results obtained checking various storage conditions are as follows. 1. The optimum pressure of chamber atmosphere for apple storage was 10 cmHg. 2. Under the pressure of 10 cmHg, the normal (room) temperature storage was better than the cold storage. 3. Under reduced pressure, poly-ethylene film wrapping of apple showed a good result in a short-term (less than one and half month) experiment. 4. No noticeable effect was observed by O.E.D (Oxy-ethylene doxanole) or sodium dehydro acetate treatment. 5. Change of the components (total sugar, reduced sugar, acid and vitamin C) of apples according to the storage methods showed similar results to our previous report, Studies on The Reduced Pressure Storage of Fruits (I)

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.225-229
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• 2005

Microinjection of recombinant retrovirus beneath the blastoderm of non-incubated chicken embryo is now the most widespread method for generating transgenic chickens, but transgenesis rates are very low. So to improve this problem, we first introduced retrovirus vector carrying RSV-GFP gene to an one-cell embryo culture system. To investigate whether retrovirus could work on an one-cell chicken embryo, we microinjected the concentrated retrovirus stocks into the germinal disc of one cell or stage-X chicken embryos. Analysis of reporter gene expression on day 4 embryos showed that GFP expression was observed in the only stage-X chicken embryo but was not in the one-cell embryo group. These results suggest that retrovirus system is the most efficient method to generate transgenic chickens in the stage-X embryo.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 1985

Effects of butachlor [N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl acetanilide] and 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA) on post-germination growth, mesocotyl and root anatomy and root-cell membrane permeability of rice (Orvza saliva L.) were investigated. Lengths of mesocotyl and radicle were markedly decreased as the application rates of butachlor increased from 0.1 to 100 ppmW and NA from 1 to 100 ppmW, but there was no effect on coleoptile elongation. Application of butachlor-NA resulted in increase in coleoptile elongation, but decrease in mesocotyl elongation. Partial breakdown of cortical cells in root and mesocotyl was caused by either trutachlor or NA treatments, resulting in increase in intercellular air space. Further increase in the intercellular air space of root and mesocotyl was obtained when butachlor was applied in combination with NA. Increase in root-cell membrane permeability occurred when either butachlor or NA was applied. However, butachlor-NA treatments resulted in reduction in the permeability.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.466-469
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• 2008

A new kidney bean cultivar, "Hwanghyeob 1" was developed at the National Institute of Crop Science in 2005. "Hwanghyeob 1" was selected from a cross between KLG50064 and KLG50073. It has determinate growth habit, white flower, yellow pod color, oval shape of crossed section of pod at the harvesting time for edible pod, white seed coat and middle seed size (21.7 grams per 100 seeds). The average yield of edible pod of "Hwanghyeob 1" was 23.55 M/T per hectare in the yield trials which was carried out at the green house in spring and autumn in 2005. This yield level was 4 percent higher than that of the check cultivar "Kangnangkong 1".

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2019

For several years, temperatures in the Korean peninsula have gradually increased due to climate change, resulting in a changing environment for growth of crops and vegetables. An associated consequence is that emerging species of insect vector have caused increased viral transmission. In Jeju Island, Korea, occurrences of viral disease have increased. Here, we report characterization of five newly collected turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates named KBJ1, KBJ2, KBJ3, KBJ4 and KBJ5 from a survey on Jeju Island in 2017. Full-length cDNAs of each isolate were cloned into the pJY vector downstream of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoters. Their fulllength sequences share 98.9-99.9% nucleotide sequence identity and were most closely related to previously reported Korean TuMV isolates. All isolates belonged to the BR group and infected both Chinese cabbage and radish. Four isolates induced very mild symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana but KBJ5 induced a hypersensitive response. Symptom differences may result from three amino acid differences uniquely present in KBJ5; Gly(382)Asp, Ile(891)Val, and Lys(2522)Glu in P1, P3, and NIb, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 1998

Purpose : Xerostomia is a complication met by almost all patients who have radiotherapy for cancers of head and neck. Many studies for prevention of xerostomia will be necessary. Radiation-induced acute response of salivary glands has been defined as interphase death or apoptosis. Increased intracellular calcium level have an important role in radiation-induced apoptosis. Calcium channel blocker may prevent radiation-induced apoptosis of salivary glands. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of diltiazem known as calcium channel blocker and pentoxifylline with inhibition of inflammatory response on the apoptosis as an acute response of radiation in rat salivary glands. Materials and Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats with about body weight 200-250 g were divided into 5 study groups : control, radiation alone, diltiazem with radiation, pentoxifylline with radiation, and diltiazem and pentoxifylline with radiation. The diltiazen and pentoxifylline were injected intraperitoneally 20 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, 30 and 20 mimute before irradiation. respectively. Irradiation was given with a 4 MV linear accelerator. The 1600 cGy of radiation was delivered in a single fraction through a single anterior portal encompassing the entire neck. After 24 h of irradiation, rats were sacrificed and parotid and submandibular glands were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The quantification of apoptosis was performed by microscopic examination of stained tissue sections at a magnification of 200X and the percentage of apoptotic cell was calculated. Results : On parotid glands, the percentage of apoptosis by radiation alone, diltiazem with radiation, pentoxifylline with radiation, and diltiazem and pentoxifylline with radiation were 1.72$\%$ (8.35/486), 0.64$\%$ (2.9/453), 0.23$\%$ (1.2/516), and 0.28$\%$ (1.1/399), respectively. The apoptosis was markedly reduced in the groups receiving drugs compared with groups receivinge, radiation alone (p<0.05). In serous cell of submandibular glands, the percentages of apoptosis of radiation alone, diltiazem with radiation, pentoxifylline with radiation, and diltiazem and pentoxifylline with radiation were 1.94$\%$ (l1/567), 0.34$\%$ (1.9/554), 0.28$\%$ (1.8/637), and 0.22$\%$ (1.3/601), respectively. In the mucus cell of submandibular glands, the percentages of apoptosis were 0.92$\%$ (5.1/552), 0.41$\%$ (2.5/612), 0.29$\%$ (1.3/455), and 0.18$\%$ (1.0/562), respectively. The apoptosis was markedly reduced in the serous glands (p<0.05), but there was no difference in development of apoptosis in each group of mucus gland. Conclusion : These results suggest that radiation-induced apoptosis of serous cells of salivary glands may be decreased by diltiazem and pentoxifylline administration.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.261-272
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate indices affecting composts maturity for swine manure compost produced in a commercial composting facility with air-forced from the bottom. The composting was made of swine manure mixed with puffing rice hull(6: 4) and turned by escalating agitator twice a day. Composting samples were collected periodically during a 45-d composting cycle at that system, showing that indices of Ammonium-N to Nitrate-N ratio were sensitive indicators of composting quality. Pile temperature maintained more than 62$^{\circ}C$ and water contents decreased about 20% for 25days of composting. A great variety and high numbers of aerobic thermophilic heterotropic microbes playing critical roles in stability of composts have been examined in the final composts, sbowing that they were detected $10^8$ to $10^{10}$ $CFUg^{-1}$ in mesophilic bacteria, $10^3$ - $10^4$ in fungi and $10^6$ - $10^8$ in actinomycetes, respectively. The results of this study for detennining a factor affecting compost stability evaluations based on composting steps were as follows; 1. Ammonium-N concentrations were highest at the beginning of composting, reaching approximately 421mg/kg. However Ammonium-N concentrations were lower during curing, reaching approximately l04mg/kg just after 45 day. The ratio between $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ was above II at the beginning of composting and less than 2 at the final step(45 day). 2. Seed germination Index was dependent upon the compost phytotoxicity and its nutrition. The phytotocity caused the GI to low during the period of active composting(till 25 days of composting time) depending on the value of the undiluted. After 25 days of composting time, the GI was dependent upon compost nutrition. The Gennination index of the final step was calculated at over 80 without regard to treatments. 3. E4: E6 ratio in humic acid of composts was correlatively decreased from 8.86 to 6.76 during the period of active composting. After 25 days of composting time, the E4: E6 was consistently decreased from 6.76 to 4.67($r^2$ of total composting period was 0.95). 4. Water soluble carbon had a tendency to increase from 0.54% to 0.78%during the period of active composting. After 25 days of composting time, it was consistently decreased from 0.78% to 0.42%. Water soluble nitrogen increased from 0.22% to 0.32% during the period of 15 days after initial composting while decreased from 0.32% to 0.21% after 15days of composting. In consequence, the correlation coefficient($r^2$) between water soluble carbon and water soluble nitrogen was 0.12 during the period of active composting mule was 0.50 after 25 days of composting time

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2004

The livestock liquid manure is one of important source for production of friendly environmental crops and have been used widespreadly in recent years. This survey is to eventually investigate the actual conditions of liquid manure utilization for cultivation of crops in the agricultural farm, based on the survey for 61 selected farms in 8 provinces(except Jeju province) included 22 counties in Korea. The results obtained in this survey were summarized as follow; $72.1\%$ of liquid manure storage tank(44) was located in the farmland and $27.9\%$(17) was in the fm. Most of liquid manure tank volume and material were 200 M/T($67.2\%$) and Polyethylene Double Frame panel($44.3\%$). The pro-portions of liquid manure application land were $45.9\%$ for rice paddy, $36.1\%$ for dry field, $16.4\%$ for orchard and $1.6\%$ for other, respectively. The controversial points of liquid manure utilization were malodor($60.7\%$), equipment possession($22.9\%$), no problem($13.1\%$) and farmland possession ($2.3\%$), respectively.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.10-12
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$-subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was. efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to consist of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t63I or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632-653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17-fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.72-84
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• 1993

This study was carried out to understand the varietal variation in physicochemical properties of rice grain and those environmental changes by different transplanting time, and to elucidate the interrelationships among the factors related with eating quality of cooked rice. Fifty three rice samples, among which fifty samples were harvested at ordinary or late transplanted plots of the Crop Experiment Station in Suwon and three samples were harvested orpurchased from Niigata prefecture in Japan, were tested for various physicochemical components of rice grain and some physical factors of cooked rice. All of twenty seven rice cultivars tested were the recent-bred Korean japonica rice showing the wide range of maturity from early to medium-late heading and considerable difference in palatability of cooked rice. Amylose content, taste value by Nireco palatability tester (TVN), iodine blue color of cooking extracts(IB), and the ratio of IB /extracted solid amounts (ES) increased significantly by late transplanting, while viscosity (VN) and Mg / K. N value by Nireco tester, hot-water absorption of milled rice (HA), loss tangent of cooked rice by Rheolograph-Micro(LT), and most viscogram characteristics except setback viscosity (C-P) decreased drastically by late transplanting as compared with ordinary transplanting. Most of physicochemical properties of milled rice revealed narrower varietal variation in lately transplanted plot than in ordinary transplanted one. Protein content (PRO), volume expansion rate of cooked rice(VE), C-P and all physical factors of cooked rice by Rheolograph-Micro showed almost negligible seasonal variation, while amylose content (AM), VN, HA, IB/ES, peak viscosity(P), hot viscosity(H) and breakdown(P-H) viscosity exhibited considerably large seasonal variation. The early-headed varieties revealed lower amylose content and smaller seasonal variation of IB/ES compared with medium or medium-late headed rice varieties. AM was closely associatied with IB and IB / ES and VN was highly correlated with Mg/K. N and TVN in both ordinary and late transplanted plots. VN also was highly negatively correlated with cooking characteristics and highly positively correlated with viscogram properties in ordinary culture. PRO was closely connected with moisture content of milled rice and L T in ordinary transplanted plot. IB, which was closely connected with ES, was also singificantly associated LT, P and P-H in ordinary seasonal culture. IB/ES was highly negatively correlated with P, P-Hand P-H / C-P in ordinary culture but with LT and dynamic viscosity of cooked rice in late seasonal culture. The thirty rice cultivars were largely classified into two varietal groups by cluster analysis with physicochemical properties related with eating quality of cooked rice. Korean and Japanese high-quality rice cultivars were separately distributed in two respective varietal group.