• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 2020

This study was aimed to investigate the possibility of using raw and anaerobically-digested piggery wastewater as culture media for a green microalga Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). Due to high concentration of ammonia and dark color, the microalga did not grow well in this wastewater. In order to solve this problem, air stripping and NaOCl-treatment were applied to reduce the concentration of NH₃-N and the color intensity from the wastewater. Algal growth was monitored in terms of specific growth rate, biomass productivity, and nutrient removal efficiency. As a result, C. vulgaris grew without any sign of inhibition in air-stripped and 10-folds diluted anaerobically-digested piggery wastewater with enhanced biomass productivity of 0.57 g/L·d and nutrient removal of 98.7-99.8% for NH₃-N and 41.0-62.5% for total phosphorus. However, NaOCl-treatment showed no significant effect on growth of C. vulgaris, although dark color was removed greatly. Interestingly, despite that the soluble organic concentration after air stripping was still high, the biomass productivity was 4.4 times higher than BG-11. Moreover, air stripping was identically effective for raw piggery wastewater as for anaerobic digestate. Therefore, it was concluded that air stripping was a very effective method for culturing microalgae and removing nutrients from raw and anaerobically-digested piggery wastewaters.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2020

Caenorhabditis elegans model system was used to investigate the antioxidant activity of Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae) methanol extract. The methanol extract showed DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide quenching activity in a dose-dependent manner. The B. vulgaris methanol extract was measured for the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and oxidative stress tolerance by using C. elegans, along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. In addition, to see that the regulation of the stress response gene is responsible for the increased stress tolerance of C. elegans treated by the methanol extract, SOD-3 expression was measured using a transgenic strain. As a result, the B. vulgaris methanol extract increased SOD and catalase activities, and decreased ROS accumulation, dose-dependently. Furthermore, the methanol extract-treated CF1553 worm showed higher SOD-3::GFP intensity than the control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2013

The growth and removal capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus of Chlorella vulgaris were evaluated in artificial wastewater with different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations as element growing components for microalgae growth. The nitrogen concentration was varied in 9, 15, 30 and 60 mg-N/L with fixed phosphorus concentration of 3 mg-P/L. The growth and phosphorus removal capacity of C. vulgaris were high at initial nitrogen concentration of 15 and 30 mg-N/L, and the corresponding N/P ratios calculated were 5 and 10. In the case of varying in 1.5, 3, 6 and 10 mg-P/L of phosphorus concentration with fixed nitrogen concentration of 30 mg-N/L, the growth and removal capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus were excellent with phosphorus concentration of 3 and 6 mg-P/L. The corresponding N/P ratios were shown as 10 and 5. Therefore, the appropriate N/P ratio was concluded between 5 and 10 for wastewater treatment using C. vulgaris.

• ALGAE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 2013

Some Chlorella species grow heterotrophically with organic substrate in dark condition. However, heterotrophic Chlorella species are limited and their optimum culture conditions are not fully known. In this study, three heterotrophic Chlorella species, two strains (C4-3 and C4-4) of C. vulgaris and one Chlorella sp. (C4-8) were examined on optimum culture conditions such as carbon source, temperature, and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jaworski's medium (JM). And the growth and fatty acid composition of Chlorella were analyzed. For three heterotrophic Chlorella species, glucose (1-2%) as a carbon source only increased the growth and the range of optimum culture temperature was $26-28^{\circ}C$. Doubled concentrations of the nitrogen or phosphorus in JM medium also improved the growth of Chlorella. Chlorella cultured heterotrophically showed significantly higher growth rate and bigger cell size than those autotrophically did. C. vulgaris (C4-3) cultured heterotrophically showed the highest biomass in dry weight ($0.8g\;L^{-1}$) among three species. With respect to fatty acid composition, the contents of C16:0 and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) were significantly higher in autotrophic Chlorella than in heterotrophic one and those of total lipid were not different between different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in JM medium. Among three Chlorella species in this study, C. vulgaris (C4-3) appeared to be the most ideal heterotrophic Chlorella species for industrial application since it had a high biomass and lipid content.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 1988

Rotifers became an important live food for fish larvae, especially for marine fishes, and Chlorella has been used as a very useful food for the mass culture of rotifer. However, not many tests for suitable Chorella species for the mass culture of rotifer were done and many of Chlorella sp. have been used without consideration of species for this purpose. There-fore, two species of marine Chlorella and four species of freshwater Chlorella were tested to select suitable species for the mass culture of a rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. These Chlorella species were cultured in five different culture media; f/2, Erdschreiber, Complesal for marine species and S$\cdot$K, Wai and Complesal for freshwater species. Proximate analyses were done to see the protein, lipid and ash contents of a marine species, C. ellipsoidea and a freshwater species, C. vulgaris. Amino acids content of these species were also tested. C. ellipsoidea and C. vulgaris showed better growth than the other species. For marine Chlorella sp., f/2 media was better than Erdschreiber and Complesal. But for the freshwater species, Complesal showed the best result in growth. By the proximate analyses, C. ellipsoidea has higher lipid contents whereas C. vulgaris has higher protein and ash. In the analysis of amino acid of Chlorella, it was remarkable that freshwater Chlorella, C. vulgaris, has high content of $NH_3$ comparing with marine Chlorella, C, ellipsoidea. According to the above results, C. vulgaris seems have higher possibilities for mass culture of rotifer but further studies are needed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.175-176
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• 2007

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate a temperature-induced two-stage cultivation (TTC) strategy for the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate production by two microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella salina, for biofuel production. The microalgae were grown under several temperature conditions (15, 25, 35, and $45^{\circ}C$) and optimal growth was observed at $25^{\circ}C$ for both microalgae. To test the TTC, aseptically cultured microalgae were incubated under optimal conditions ($25^{\circ}C$) for 20 days, and then divided into four aliquots that were incubated at 15, 25, 35, and $45^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. Similar but somewhat decreased growth rates were observed at the non-optimal temperatures (15, 35, and $45^{\circ}C$). In addition, while total lipid accumulation increased in a temperature-dependent manner in both microalgae, total carbohydrate increased with temperature in C. vulgaris but decreased in D. salina. However, for lipid and carbohydrate production, while the highest lipid productions of C. vulgaris and D. salina were observed at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively, the highest total carbohydrate productions of C. vulgaris and D. salina were obtained at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. These results suggest that the TTC strategy may be easily and efficiently applied to bioprocessing for biofuel production.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1059-1072
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• 2018

Bioremediation has been recognized as a suitable alternative to conventional methods of removing contaminants, and it uses fungi, bacteria and microalgae. In contrast to other organisms, microalgae are unique in that they have the ability to perform photosynthesis like plants and to utilize organic/inorganic carbon substrates, in a process called phytoremediation. Microalgae can populate a reaction site rapidly and enhance the bioremediation efficiency. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris was used to evaluate the removal potentials of the nutrients (N and P) and heavy metals (Cu and Zn) from swine wastewater. The optimum growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris and the removal potentials of N, P, Cu, and Zn from synthetic wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris were investigated. Based on the results, the applicability of this microalga to on-site wastewater treatment was examined. Optimal growth conditions for Chlorella vulgaris were established to be $28^{\circ}C$, a pH of 7, and light and dark cycles of 14:10 h. As the concentrations of the nutrients were increased, the efficiencies of N and P removal efficiencies by Chlorella vulgaris were decreased in the single and binary mixed treatments of the nutrients, respectively. Further, the efficiencies of Cu and Zn removal also decreased as the heavy metals concentrations added were increased, both in the single and binary mixed treatments. In addition, the efficiency of Cu removal was higher than that of Zn removal. Our results indicate that Chlorella vulgaris could be used in treatment plants for the removal of nutrients and heavy metals from swine wastewater.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1117-1118
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• 2006

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.968-971
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• 1995

The heme assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of cytochrome c3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough within the X-ray structure were fully cross established according to their redox potential. The major reduction of the heme turned out to take place in the order of hemes Ⅳ,Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ(the heme numbers indicating the order of bonding to the primary sequence). This assignment can provide the physicochemical basis for the elucidation of electron transfer of this protein.