• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1184-1189
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• 2002

Allii sativi Bulbus(garlic) have been shown to possess medicinal value, in particular, antimicrobial activity. In this study, we compared the efficacy on some pathogenic bacteria and fungus among several different extracts(water, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform) of Allii sativi Bulbus. Animal pathogenic bacteria and fungus(S. gallinarium: KCTC 2441, S. flexneri: KCTC 2361, E. cloacae: KCTC 2006, K. pneumonia: KCTC 2208, C. albicans: KCTC 1940) were used to test by measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and disc diffusion. Allii sativi Bulbus were cut and mixed with water at 37℃ about 24 h and filtered, and several different solvents(hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol) were respectively added to separate the fraction of each solvent. The antimicrobial(bacteriocidal) and antifungal effect were apparently shown from water extract, hexane and ethyl acetate extract against using strains(Staphylococcus gallinarium, Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter doacae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans). Especially, the water extract showed the superior efficacy. And the clear zone size of water extract (11～27 mm) was greater than that of gentamycin, hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract against S. gallinarium. S. flexneri, K. pneumonia and C. albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of water extract appeared to around 2.0～7.5 ㎎/㎖ against S. gallinarium, S. flexneri, E. cloacae and K. pneumonia. The greater activity was shown by water extract because the MIC of water extract for C. albicans observed in very low concentration(<1.0 ㎎/㎖) compared to hexane(5.0 ㎎/㎖) and ethyl acetate(10.0 ㎎/㎖). Therefore, these results exhibited that water extract of Allii sativi Bulbus have stronger antimicrobial activity than hexane and ethyl acetate extract, and may be useful as topical medicine of superficial infections causing C. albicans as well as antifungal agents.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.463-465
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• 2003

Four protostane-type triterpenes, alisol B 23-acetate (1a), alisol C 23-acetate (2a), alisol B(3a), and alisol A 24-acetate (4a), were isolated from the rhizome of Alismatis plantago-aquatica L. var. orientale Samuelson (Alismataceae) and eleven protostane derivatives (compounds 1-11) were obtained by selective modification from alisol B 23-acetate (1a). These compounds were investigated for their anti-complement activity against the classical pathway of the complement system. Alisol B (3a) and alisol A 24-acetate (4a) exhibited anti-complement activity with $IC_{50} values of 150 and 130 \mu$ M. Among the synthetic derivatives, the tetrahydroxylated protostane triterpene (9) showed moderate inhibitory activity with $IC_{50} value of 97.1 \mu$ M. Introduction of an aldehyde group at C-23 (10; $IC_{50} value, 47.7 \mu$ M) showed the most potent inhibitory effect on the complement system in vitro.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2001

The compositions of essential oils isolated from the leaves and fruits of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc). Endl. and Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. were analyzed through GC and GC-MS. The oil yields were 0.83% (as fresh weight) and 1.36% in the leaves and the fruits of C. obtusa, and were 0.92% and 1.28% in those of C. pisifera, respectively. More than 90 components were identified, including high contents of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. Contents of monoteipenoids in the leaf and fruit oils of C. pisifera were higher than in those of C. obutsa. The major constituents in the leaf oil of C. obtusa were sabinene (11.81% as determined through GC peak area), limonene (7.73%), bornyl acetate (6.92%), $borneol+{\alpha}-teirineol$ (15.67%), and elemol (12.82%), and those in the fruit oil were myrcene (8.12%), ${\gamma}-terpinene$(5.91%), p-cymene(7.62%), $borneol+{\alpha}-terpineol$(6.53%) and ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (23.74%). The major constituents in the leaf oil of C. pisifera were ${\alpha}-pinene$(32.34%), ${\delta}-3-carene$(25.28%), myrcene(11.72%), and bornyl acetate (8.77%), and those in the fruit oil were ${\alpha}-pinene$ (29.38%), ${\delta}-3-carene$(30.27%), myrcene(15.05%), and limonene(8.10%).

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2023

Background: As a result of analyzing the components of wild Conyza canadensis, it contains physiologically active ingredients, so it is necessary to identify the compound. Purposes: It was to study the compound's molecular structure; a previous study showed that C. canadensis contains antioxidant substances. Methods: The ultrasonic pulverized lysate of C. canadensis stem and leaves was first extracted with 90% methanol and then five organic solvents. Next, the extracts was fractionated by HPLC, LC/MS chromatography, and NMR analyzers identified the molecular structure. Results: 100 g of dry C. canadensis was sonicated in 90% methanol and concentrated under reduced pressure to 11.96 g of a crude extract. Then, this crude was extracted with five types of solvents to obtain 123.8 mg of n-hexane, 448.2 mg of dichloromethane, 1047.7 mg of ethyl acetate (EA), 2563.8 mg of butanol, and 7.04 g of water. The EA extracts were fractionated by LC-MS and then re-fractionated to obtain F1 to F20. Next, the F15 was further fractionated to obtain nine fine fractions. Finally, the F17 fraction was re-fractionated to obtain ten fine fractions. As a result of LC-MS and NMR spectrometer analysis of the F15-7, the structure of this compound was confirmed as 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. As a result of examining the structures of the F17-4 and F17-5 fractions, Quercetin-3-o-β-galactose was identified. In addition, the form of the F17-10 was confirmed to be 1,3,4-tri-caffeoylquinic acid. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that C. canadensis contained phenolic antioxidants, and its utilization may be expected.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.507-513
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• 1996

Three sesquiterpene lactone compounds, two novel(1.betha.,3.betha.-dihydroxy-6.betha.,11.betha.,4.alpha.,5.alpha.,7.alpha.H -eudesm-12, 6-olide-1-O-.betha.-D-glucopyranoside, 1.betha.,3.betha.-dihydroxy-6.betha.,11.betha.,4.alpha.,5.alpha.,7.alpha.H-eudes m-12,6-olide-1-O-.betha.-D-glucopyranoside) and 1.betha.,3.betha.-dihydroxy-6.betha.,11.betha.,4.alpha.,5.alpha., 7.alpha.H-eudesm-12,6-olide were isolated from the aqueous fraction of MeOH extract of the roots from Taraxacum hallaisanensis (Compositae) employing Amberlite XAD-2, ODS-gel, silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographics. Another known compound, (-)-epicatechin, was isolated from the aqueous fraction of the MeOH extract. The total MeOH extract also contained phytosterol and a mixture of .betha.-amyrin acetate, .alpha.-amyrin acetate and lupeol acetate. Structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic parameters of IR, Mass, /sup 13/C-NMR, /sup 1/H-NMR, /sup 1/H-/sup 1/H COSY, /sup 13/C-/sup 1/H COSY and HMBC.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 1977

The present study was carried out to knew the sterol components of U. pinnatifida and their incorporation abilities of $^14C-1-acetate$ injected into it. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The total lipids are classified as hydrocarbon $1.6\%$, pigment and sterol ester $2.5\%$, triglyceri do $3.3\%$, free fatty acid $2.2\%$, free sterol $3.8\%$, chlorophyll $18.8\%$, and polar lipids $ 67.3\%$ 2. The sterol mixture from U. pinnatifida are omposed of cholesterol $3.5\%$, 24-methylene-cholesterol $11.2\%$, fucosterol $85.3\%$. 3. The radioactivities of the lipids classes from U. pinnatifida injected with $^14C-1-acetate$ are distributed 4,648 dpm/ug in total lipid, 2,754 dpm/mg in polar lipids, 373 dpm/mg in chlorophyll, 22,481 dpm/mg in free sterol, 6,520 dpm/mg in free fatty acid, 789 dpm/mg in sterol ester and 358 dpm/mg in hydrocarbon respectively. 4. The specific radioactivities of the sterols are 115 dpm/mg in cholesterol, 147,821 dpm/mg in 24-methylenecholesterol, 20, 887 dpm/mg in fucosterol.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.234-239
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• 2002

To study the potential of the chestnut(Castanea crenata S.) leaves, as raw materials for functional food and medicine, chemical components, antioxidative and antimicrobial activities were carried out. The proximate composition was composed of total sugar 11.95%, crude fat 11.50%, crude fiber 10.11%, crude protein 7.50% and ash 1.79% and the components of major minerals were Ca 215.7 mg%, 196.6 mg%. The content of vitamin C wag 12.5 mg% and free sugar was composed of glucose 3.33%, fructose 0.25% and sucrose 0.022%. The major fatty acids in leaves of chestnut were composed of linoleic acid and the amounts of those showed 37.88% area percent. The major amino acids of chestnut leaves were glutamic acid(295.4 mg%), proline(285.7 mg%), aspartic acid(245.5 mg%), arginine(240.8 mg%), phenylalanine(237.4 mg%) and leucine(230.6 mg%). The ratio of essential/total amino acid was 48.3%. Methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed stronger activity of the hydrogen donating activities, each of 72.52 % and 84.12 %, respectively. In solvent extracts using methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane, methanol extract showed the most effective antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract was higher than those of other fractions.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 1970

Tissue homogenates of Ehrlich ascites tumor tissues and several normal tissue of mice were incubated separately in medium maintaining $C^{14}$_acetate concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg%, in order to determine maximum oxidative rates of acetate. In every incubation experiments, respiratory $CO_2$ samples rapped by alkaline which was placed in the center well of the incubation blask were analyzed for total $CO_2$ Production rates and their radoactivies. The fractions of $CO_2$ from medium acetate to total $CO_2$ production rate were obtained with relative specific activities (RSA) which were calculated by ratio between specific activities (SA) of $CO_2$ and medium $CO^{14}$_acetate and $CO_2$ production rates from medium acetate were calculated from RSA and total $CO_2$ production rates. Maximum plateau values of oxidative rates described above were determined at incubation experiments of various concentrations of medium acetate and compared the oxidative rates of acetate of tumor with those of normal tissues such as kidney, brain and liver. Maximum plateau values of total $CO_{2}$ Production rates were obtained at acetate concentration of 20 mg% and represent $25.0{\pm}0.54\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the brain, $16.3{\pm}2.5$ in the kidney, $9.1{\pm}1.78$ in the liver and $11.5{\pm}3.2\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the ascites tuners. Substancial $CO_2$ yield was observed in the tumor tissues as in the normal tissues. On the other hand, plateau values of RSA were $25.7{\pm}1.04%$ in thee brain, $9.1{\pm}0.72%$ in the kidney, $2.5{\pm}0.73%$ in the liver and $0.51{\pm}0.12%$ in the tumor tissues. $CO_2$ yields from the medium acetate, were 4.19 in the kidney, 2.28 in the brain, 0.228 in the liter and $0.059\;{\mu}M/hr/gm$ in the tumor tissue. These show wide range even in the normal tissue but remarkable decrease in the tumor tissue. This fact means that further oxidation of acetate was inhibited remarkably in the tumor tissue.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1041-1045
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• 2007

Heated onion juice was partitioned using the solvents hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest scavenging effect on the ABTS radical. The antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate fraction from raw and heated onion (120, 130, and $140^{\circ}C$) were evaluated using radical scavenging assays. Radical and nitrite scavenging activities were higher in heated onion than raw onion, and the higher the temperature of heat treatment, the greater the radical and nitrite scavenging activities. Heated onion ($140^{\circ}C$, 2 hr) was more effective than raw onion, having higher DPPH radical scavenging (5.7-fold), hydroxyl radical scavenging (6.4-fold), superoxide radical scavenging (2.3-fold), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (11.8-fold), and nitrite scavenging (4.3-fold) activities. Onion increased its physiologically active materials after heating, and in this regard, heated onion can be used as biological material for the manufacture of health foods and supplements.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 1992

Screening for antioxidative activities of 180 species of crude drugs were performed on their methanol extracts. More than 45% of those showed some effect on oxidative stability of linoleic acid, and 44 species seemed to have rather strong antioxidative activity. Selected these samples of the active crude drugs were further examined in their methanol extracts with methyl linoleate emulsion system. especially 11 species revealed strong antioxidative activity. These 11 species were then successively extracted with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether, and their antioxidative activity was determined. The ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts of Epimedium Koreanum NAKAI, Psoralea Corylifolia L., Syringa Dilata NAKAI and Prunus mume Sieb, et Zucc. showed much more effective than the others in stabilizing methyl linoleate. Scutellaria baicalensis George. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. were only effective in the methanol extract.