• Title/Summary/Keyword: C:N ratio

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Synthesis and Characterization of Thermo Sensitive Poly(styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels (열 감응성 Poly(styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) 마이크로겔의 합성 및 특성)

  • Cho, Suk Hyeong;Kim, Kong Soo;Jung, Tea Uk
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.397-402
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    • 2005
  • Core-shell Poly(styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly(St-co-NIPAm) was prepared by soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene (St) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) in aqueous solution with potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. The effects of St/NIPAm ratio, concentrations of monomer and crosslinker were studied. Also, Thermo sensitivity of microgels prepared was investigated. Particle size of microgels increased with increasing mol ratio of NIPAm to styrene. Transmittance of the microgel dispersion decreased rapidly when heated above a low critical solution temperature (near $32{\sim}34^{\circ}C$, cloud point). Swelling ratio of the microgel increased with increasing of the concentration of monomer (NIPAm) and decreased proportional to the concentration of crosslinker.

Studies on the Molybdenum Complexes with Tetradentate Schiff Base Ligand (I). N,N'-bis (Salicylaldehyde)-ethylene Diimine (네자리 Schiff Base 리간드의 몰리브덴착물에 관한 연구 (제1보))

  • Jo, Gi Hyeong
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.267-271
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    • 1974
  • The tetradentate schiff base, N,N'-bis(salicylaldehyde)-ethylene diimine has been reacted with a series of Mo(IV), Mo(V), Mo(IV), and Mo(III) oxidation states to form new Complexes; $[MoO_2(C_{16}H_{14}O_2N_2)], (MoO(C_{16}H_{14}O_2N_2)]_2O, (Mo(SCN)(C_{16}H_{14}O_2N_2)]_2O, and (Mo(H_2O)(C_{16}H_{14}O_2N_2)]_2O.$ These complexes have hexa coordinated configurations and the mole ratio of these ions to the ligand was 1:1. These complexes have been identified by visible spectra, infrared specra, T.G.A., D.T.A., and elemental analysis.

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Effect of N-3, N-6 Fatty Acid and d-Limonene Treatment on Membrane Lipid Composition and Protein Kinase C Activity in Experimental Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis (쥐의 간 발암과정에서 N-3, N-6 지방산 섭취 및 d-Limonene 투여가 생체막 지질조성 및 Protein Kinase C 활성도에 미치는 영향)

  • 김미정;김정희
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.32 no.8
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    • pp.1328-1336
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    • 2003
  • This study was done to investigate the effects of n-3, n-6 fatty acid and d-limonene on the hepatic membrane lipid composition, protein kinase C (PKC) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in experimental rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed with two different types of dietary oil for 20 weeks. Corn oil (CO) and sardine oil (SO) were used at 15% by weight as a source of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid, respectively. One week after feeding, rats were intraperitoneally injected twice with a dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 50 mg/kg body weight) and after 1 week 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) was provided with drinking water. Membrane fractional lipid composition showed that the content of cholesterol was higher in 50 group than CO group and also significantly decreased by d-limonene. The content of phospholipid was increased by carcinogen treatment but not affected by dietary oils or d-limonene. Membrane C/PL molar ratio was significantly decreased by d-limonene or carcinogen treatment in 50 groups but not in CO groups. Fatty acid composition was changed by dietary oils but not by carcinogen treatment or d-limonene. Cytosolic PKC activity was not significantly different by dietary oils, d-limonene or carcinogen treatment. However, membrane PKC activity was significantly increased by carcinogen treatment and decreased by d-limonene. Cytosolic GST activity was affected by d-limonene or carcinogen treatment in all dietary groups. These data indicate that dietary oils, d-limonene and carcinogen treatment can not change much membrane phospholipid composition. But membrane C/PL molar ratio was changed by carcinogen treatment and d -limonene although the effect was different between dietary oils. Therefore, it is suggested that different dietary oils and d-limonene can somewhat modulate the changes of membrane fluidity and activities of membrane bound enzymes like membrane associated PKC during carcinogenesis.

Effects of Diet and Time on Feed on Fatty Acid Composition in Muscle of Charolais Steers (사료급원과 급여기간이 Charolais 거세우 근내 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향)

  • 최낙진;강수원;권응기;조원모;전병수;박병기
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.6
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    • pp.847-860
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    • 2006
  • This study investigated the effects of feeding Charolais steers on diets rich in either n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and time on feed (TOF) on muscle fatty acid composition and content. Twenty eight steers were fed on ad libitum forage and one of two concentrates varying in the source of fat; soya (high in C18:2 n-6) or whole linseed (high in C18:3 n-3) for either 60 or 90 days in IGER (Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, UK). The concentrates were fed at approximately 0.73 of total DM intake. TOF influenced carcass weight, conformation and fatness scores, which were higher at 90 v. 60 days (P<0.05). Diet did not affect total fatty acid content of neutral lipid in m. longissimus thoracis but feeding linseed increased total phospholipid fatty acid by approx- imately 15%(P<0.05). Linseed increased the amount and proportion of C18:3 n-3 (P<0.001) and the proportion of CLA (cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid), while soya increased the content (P<0.05) and proportion (P<0.001) of C18:2 n-6 in muscle neutral lipid. In muscle phospholipid, linseed significantly increased the amount of CLA, C18:3 n-3 and its longer chain derivatives as well as C14:0, C16:0, C18:0. C18:1 trans and C18:2 n-6. The amount and proportion of C18:2 n-6 and its longer chain C20 derivatives were higher on feeding soya. TOF (90 v. 60 day) increased the content of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, CLA, C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 in muscle neutral lipid. The P:S was not affected by diet or TOF. The ratio of C18:2 n-6 : C18:3 n-3 and sum of n-6 : n-3 fatty acids were higher in muscle from animals fed on linseed v. soya (P<0.001). The study indicates that the PUFA composition of beef muscle may be significantly modified by feeding contrasting dietary lipids, soya vs. linseed. Feeding linseed produced a better balance of muscle fatty acids, more in line with current nutritional recommendations with a lower C18:2 n-6:C18:3 n-3 ratio associated with higher muscle content of C18:3 n-3 and C20:5 n-3 and CLA and lower C20:4 n-6.

Development of BNR(Biological Nutrient Removal) Process Using Expanded Polystylene(EPS) Media (Expanded Polystylene(EPS) 여재를 이용한 BNR(Biological Nutrient Removal) 공정 개발)

  • Ryu, Hong-Duck;Min, Kyung-Kook;Lee, Jeong-Hun;Choi, Kyoung-Young;Lim, Heun-Eun;Kim, Chul-Hwan;Lee, Sang-Ill
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 2006
  • Biological nutrient removal(BNR) process used in this study, which was packed with EPS(expanded polystylene) media, has more many advantages in aspect of reducing hydraulic retention time(HRT) of the process and having less effect of temperature in the winter season than commercial process in the present. Bench-scale study was performed using domestic wastewater. In the results, it was observed that the T-N removal efficiencies in HRT 6 hr and HRT 4 hr were 55% and 51%, respectively, showing the small reduction (about 4%) of T-N removal efficiency according to shortening of HRT. In comparison of T-N removal characteristic in summer and winter seasons, it showed that T-N removal efficiencies in summer and winter seasons were 65% and 54%, respectively, showing the 11% lower T-N removal efficiency in winter season than in summer season due to deterioration of nitrification in winter season. In the studies of influent loading rate and C/N ratio, the process showed stable effluent quality under the condition of broad influent loading rate and C/N ratio. Therefore, it is anticipated that the developed process in this study could be applicable to small wastewater treatment plant in nutrient removal.

Feasibility of Composting Combinations of Sewage Sludge, Cattle Manure, and Sawdust in a Rotary Drum Reactor

  • Nayak, Ashish Kumar;Kalamdhad, Ajay S.
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.47-57
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    • 2014
  • The aim of this paper was to study the effect of five different waste combinations (C/N 15, C/N 20, C/N 25, C/N 30, and control) of sewage sludge coupled with sawdust and cattle manure in a pilot scale rotary drum reactor, during 20 days of the composting process. Our results showed that C/N 30 possesses a higher temperature regime with higher % reduction in moisture content, total organic carbon, soluble biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand; and higher % gain in total nitrogen and phosphorus at the end of the composting period implying the total amount of biodegradable organic material is stabilized. In addition, $CO_2$ evolution and oxygen uptake rate decreased during the process, reflecting the stable behavior of the final compost. A Solvita maturity index of 8 indicated that the compost was stable and ready for usage as a soil conditioner. The results indicated that composting can be an alternate technology for the management of sewage sludge disposal.

Effect of the O2/N2 Ratio on the Growth of TiO2 Nanowires via Thermal Oxidation (열 산화를 이용한 TiO2 나노선의 성장에 미치는 O2/N2 가스비의 영향)

  • Lee, Geun-Hyoung
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.25 no.10
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    • pp.543-546
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    • 2015
  • $TiO_2$ nanowires were grown by thermal oxidation of TiO powder in an oxygen and nitrogen gas environment at $1000^{\circ}C$. The ratio of $O_2$ to $N_2$ in an ambient gas was changed to investigate the effect of the gas ratio on the growth of $TiO_2$nanowires. The oxidation process was carried out at different $O_2$/$N_2$ ratios of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50 and 100/0. No nanowires were formed at $O_2$/$N_2$ ratios of less than 25/75. When the $O_2$/$N_2$ ratio was 50/50, nanowires started to form. As the gas ratio increased to 100/0, the diameter and length of the nanowires increased. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the nanowires were $TiO_2$ with a rutile crystallographic structure. In the XRD pattern, no peaks from the anatase and brookite structures of $TiO_2$were observed. The diameter of the nanowires decreased along the growth direction, and no catalytic particles were detected at the tips of the nanowires which suggests that the nanowires were grown with a vapor-solid growth mechanism.

Carbon and Nitrogen Inputs by Litterfall of Chamaecyparis obtusa Planted in Pine Wilt Disease-disturbed Forests (소나무재선충병 피해지에 식재된 편백의 낙엽·낙지에 의한 탄소 및 질소 유입량)

  • Kang, Hyeon Cheol;Baek, Gyeongwon;Choi, Byeonggil;Ha, Jiseok;Kim, Choonsig
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.110 no.1
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    • pp.43-52
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    • 2021
  • In this study, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs by the litterfall of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) planted in pine wilt disease-disturbed forests were determined. The study sites were located in Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. Eight plots under two regeneration sites (DR: four plots of C. obtusa planted under slightly disturbed Pinus thunbergii stands; CR: four plots of C. obtusa planted following the clear-cutting of severely disturbed pine stands) were established to collect litterfall from December 2018 to December 2019. The growth of diameter at breast height (DBH) was significantly higher in the CR treatment (12.10 cm) than that in the DR treatment (9.42 cm). C and N concentrations and the C/N ratio in C. obtusa leaf litter did not differ significantly between the two regeneration treatments, but the C/N ratio was significantly lower in the leaf litter collected in October (93) relative to that collected in December (143). The C concentration of litterfall components was significantly higher in C. obtusa leaf litter and in P. thunbergii needle litter than in broadleaved and miscellaneous litter, whereas the N concentration in broadleaved and miscellaneous litter was significantly higher than that in the leaf litter of C. obtusa and in branch litter. Thus, the C/N ratio was significantly higher in C. obtusa leaf litter and branch litter compared with that in miscellaneous and broadleaved litter. Respective C and N inputs by leaf litter were 773 kg C ha-1 yr-1 and 6.95 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for the CR treatments, and 78 kg C ha-1 yr-1 and 0.70 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for the DR treatment. Total C and N inputs were higher for the DR treatment (3,765 kg C ha-1 yr-1 and 47.6 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively) than for the CR treatment (1,290 kg C ha-1 yr-1 and 17.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively). These results indicate that, for C. obtusa, the DBH growth in the CR treatment was superior to that in the DR treatment, but the C and N inputs by litterfall were considerably reduced in CR treatments.

Effects of diet and castration on fatty acid composition and volatile compounds in the meat of Korean native black goats

  • Jinwook Lee;Hye-Jin Kim;Sung-Soo Lee;Kwan-Woo Kim;Dong-Kyo Kim;Sang-Hoon Lee;Eun-Do Lee;Bong-Hwan Choi;Farouq Heidar Barido;Aera Jang
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.962-972
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    • 2023
  • Objective: This study determined the effects of dietary treatments and castration on meat quality, fatty acids (FAs) profiles, and volatile compounds in Korean native black goats (KNBG, Capra hircus coreanae), including the relationship between the population of rumen microbiomes and meat FA profiles. Methods: Twenty-four KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments arranged into a 2×2 factorial structure. The factors were dietary forage to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs non-castration [NCA]). Results: Among meat quality traits, the CA group exhibited a higher percentage of crude fat and water holding capacity (p<0.05). The profiles of the saturated fatty acid (SFA) in meat sample derived from CA KNBG showed a significantly lower percentage compared to NCA individuals, due to the lower proportion of C14:0 and C18:0. Feeding a high-forage diet to KNBG increased the formation of C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:1n9, C22:4n6 in meat, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles (p<0.05). Consequently, the n6:n3 ratio declined (p<0.05). There was an interaction between dietary treatment and castration for formation of C20:5n3 (p<0.05), while C18:1n9, C22:6n3, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the MUFA:SFA ratio were influenced by both diet and castration (p<0.05). Nine volatile compounds were identified and were strongly influenced by both dietary treatments, castration (p<0.05), and their interaction. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinctly different odor patterns in the NCA goats fed LF diets. Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation between rumen bacteria and meat PUFAs. Conclusion: These results suggest the essential effects of the rumen microbial population for the synthesis of meat FAs and volatile compounds in KNBG meat, where dietary intake and castration also contribute substantially.

Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of CrAlN Coatings by Interlayer Deposition (중간층 증착에 의한 CrAlN 코팅의 기계적 물성 및 내열성 향상에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hoe-Geun;Ra, Jeong-Hyeon;Song, Myeon-Gyu;Lee, Sang-Yul
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2016.11a
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    • pp.100-100
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    • 2016
  • 물리기상증착방법 (Physical vapor deposition)에 의하여 합성된 천이금속 질화물 박막은 경도, 내마모성 등 절삭공구의 성능을 향상시키며, Ti-Al-N, Ti-Zr-N, Zr-Al-N, Cr-Si-N 등의 3원계 경질 박막에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어지고 있다. 이중에서도 CrAlN 코팅은 높은 경도, 낮은 표면 조도 등의 우수한 기계적 특성 이외에 고온에서 안정한 합금상 형성으로 인하여 우수한 내열성을 보유하여 공구 코팅으로의 적용 가능성이 크다. 그러나 최근 공구사용 환경의 가혹화로 인하여 코팅의 내마모성 및 내열성 등의 물성 향상을 통한 공구의 수명 향상이 필요시 되고 있으며, 코팅에 적합한 중간층을 합성함으로써 공구 코팅으로의 적용 가능성을 높이는 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CrAlN 코팅의 물성을 향상시키기 위해 CrAlN 코팅과 WC-Co 6wt.% 모재 사이에 CrN, CrZrN, CrN/CrZrSiN 등의 다양한 중간층을 합성하였으며, 중간층을 포함한 모든 코팅의 두께는 $3{\mu}m$ 로 제어하였다. 합성된 코팅의 미세조직, 경도 및 탄성계수, 내모성을 분석하기 위해 field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), nano-indentation, ball-on-disk 마모시험기 및 ${\alpha}-step$을 사용하였다. 코팅의 내열성을 확인하기 위해 코팅을 furnace에 넣어 공기중에서 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, $1,000^{\circ}C$로 30분 동안 annealing 한 후에 nano-indentation을 사용하여 경도를 측정하였다. CrAlN 코팅을 나노 인덴테이션으로 분석한 결과, 모든 코팅의 경도(35.5-36.2 GPa)와 탄성계수(424.3-429.2 GPa)는 중간층의 종류에 상관없이 비슷한 값을 보인 것으로 확인됐다. 그러나, 코팅의 마찰계수는 중간층의 종류에 따라 다른 값을 보였으며, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅의 마찰계수는 0.34로 CrZrN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅의 마찰계수(0.41)에 비해 낮은 값을 보였다. 또한, 코팅의 마모율 및 마모폭도 비슷한 경향을 보인 것으로 보아, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 합성한 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 판단된다. 이것은 중간층의 H/E ratio가 코팅의 내마모성에 미치는 영향에 의한 결과로 사료된다. H/E ratio는 파단시의 최대 탄성 변형율로써, 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배에 따라 코팅 내의 응력의 완화 정도가 변하게 된다. WC 모재 (H/E=0.040)와 CrAlN 코팅(H/E=0.089) 사이에서 CrN, CrZrSiN 중간층의 H/E ratio 는 각각 0.076, 0.083 으로 모재/중간층/코팅의 H/E ratio 구배가 점차 증가함을 확인 할 수 있었고, 일정 응력이 지속적으로 가해지면서 진행되는 마모시험중에 CrN과 CrZrSiN 중간층이 WC와 CrAlN 코팅 사이에서 코팅 내부의 응력구배를 완화시키는 역할을 함으로써 CrAlN 코팅의 내마모성이 향상된 것으로 판단된다. 모든 코팅을 열처리 후 경도 분석결과, CrN/CrZrSiN 중간층을 증착한 CrAlN 코팅은 $1,000^{\circ}C$까지 약 28GPa의 높은 경도를 유지한 것으로 확인 되었고, 이는 CrZrSiN 중간층 내에 존재하는 $SiN_x$ 비정질상의 우수한 내산화성에 의한 결과로 판단된다.

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