• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1247-1247
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• 2001

Constituents of animal biofluids such as milk, blood and urine contain information specifically related to metabolic and health status of the ruminant animals. Some changes in composition of biofluids can be attributed to disease response of the animals. Mastitis is a major problem for the global dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses from decreasing milk production and reducing milk quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential of NIRS combined with multivariate analysis for cow's mastitis diagnosis based on NIR spectra of milk, blood and urine. A total of 112 bulk milk, urine and blood samples from 4 Holstein cows were analyzed. The milk samples were collected from morning milking. The urine samples were collected before morning milking and stored at -35$^{\circ}C$ until spectral analysis. The blood samples were collected before morning milking using a catheter inserted into the carotid vein. Heparin was added to blood samples to prevent coagulation. All milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count (SCC). The SCC content in milk was used as indicator of mastitis and as quantitative parameter for respective urine and blood samples collected at same time. NIR spectra of blood and milk samples were obtained by InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer, using a transflectance mode. NIR spectra of urine samples were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer, using 1 mm sample thickness. All samples were divided into calibration set and test set. Class variable was assigned for each sample as follow: healthy (class 1) and mastitic (class 2), based on milk SCC content. SIMCA was implemented to create models of the respective classes based on NIR spectra of milk, blood or urine. For the calibration set of samples, SIMCA models (model for samples from healthy cows and model for samples from mastitic cows), correctly classified from 97.33 to 98.67% of milk samples, from 97.33 to 98.61% of urine samples and from 96.00 to 94.67% of blood samples. From samples in the test set, the percent of correctly classified samples varied from 70.27 to 89.19, depending mainly on spectral data pretreatment. The best results for all data sets were obtained when first derivative spectral data pretreatment was used. The incorrect classified samples were 5 from milk samples,5 and 4 from urine and blood samples, respectively. The analysis of changes in the loading of first PC factor for group of samples from healthy cows and group of samples from mastitic cows showed, that separation between classes was indirect and based on influence of mastitis on the milk, blood and urine components. Results from the present investigation showed that the changes that occur when a cow gets mastitis influence her milk, urine and blood spectra in a specific way. SIMCA allowed extraction of available spectral information from the milk, urine and blood spectra connected with mastitis. The obtained results could be used for development of a new method for mastitis detection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1525-1538
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• 2007

Because of the increasing evidence of potential benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health, there is a need to investigate its status in commercial dairies and develop feeding strategies to enhance the content and supply of CLA in milk and milk products. A two-year experiment was conducted to study the status of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on four selected commercial dairy farms in Utah (two) and Idaho (two), USA. Farms A and C grazed cows on pasture and supplemented with 7.0 kg/cow per day of their respective grain mixes during summer, while conserved forage and grain mix was fed during winter. Farm B fed a total mixed diet all year, with 10% of diet dry matter as fresh cut pasture during summer. Farm D had 1/3 of its cows grazed on pasture and supplemented with a total mixed diet during summer, while the rest were fed a total mixed diet. All cows in Farm D were fed a total mixed diet during winter. Farms A, B, C, and D had on average 80, 400, 150, and 500 milking cows, respectively, with Holstein or its crosses as the major breed. On a year-round basis, Farms A and C produced milk with 60% or more milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and transvaccenic acid (TVA) contents than Farm B. Similarly, Farm D produced 30% or more c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA in milk than Farm B. Milk fat content of CLA and TVA was 150-200% more during summer compared with winter. Individual cows varied from 0.16 to 2.22% in milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA contents and 89% of the cows had c-9, t-11 CLA contents between 0.3 and 1.0% of milk fat. Individual cow variation was larger on Farms A and C compared with Farm D, with least variation on Farm B. Variation was larger in summer than in winter. The bulk tank milk c-9, t-11 CLA content varied from 0.27 to 1.35% of milk fat. Cows on Farms A and C produced similar or higher amounts of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on a daily basis even though their milk yield was lowest among the dairies. Concentration and supplies of c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA were highest from June through September and lowest from February through April, which should be the months for targeting improvement in the content and supply of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.609-615
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• 1999

From July of 1997 to June of 1998, total 279 raw milk samples over withdrawal period after mastitis treatment from dairy farms located in the provinces of Kyonggi and Choongchung were collected to test drug residues. Each sample was tested by TTC- II test and Delvotest SP. Among the total 152 raw milk samples of cow treated by ${\beta}$-lactams, 32 samples(21.2%) were positive on the Delvotest and 15 samples(9.9%) showed positive on the TTC-II test. Also, from the total 37 samples treated by sulfonamides, 5 samples(13.5%) were positive on the Delvotest and 3 samples(8.1%) showed positive on the TTC-II test. For the total 55 raw milk samples of cow treated by tetracyclines, 9 samples(16.4%) were positive on the Delvotest and 5 samples(9.1%) showed positive on the TTC-II test. In addition, from the total 35 samples treated by aminoglycosides, 7 samples(20.0%) were positive on the Delvotest and 5 samples(14.3%) showed positive on the TTC-II test. Our study shows that it is possible that drugs are to be detected by the drug residues test of an individual raw milk even over the withdrawal period after mastitis treatment and the raw milk of bulk tank.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1643-1650
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• 2017

Objective: The control of psychrotrophic bacteria causing milk spoilage and illness due to toxic compounds is an important issue in the dairy industry. In South Korea, Gangwon-do province is one of the coldest terrains in which eighty percent of the area is mountainous regions, and mainly plays an important role in the agriculture and dairy industries. The purposes of this study were to analyze the indigenous microbiota of raw milk in Gangwon-do and accurately investigate a putative microbial group causing deterioration in milk quality. Methods: We collected raw milk from the bulk tank of 18 dairy farms in the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang regions of Gangwon-do. Milk components were analyzed and the number of viable bacteria was confirmed. The V3 and V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on an Illumina Miseq platform. Sequences were then assigned to operational taxonomic units, followed by the selection of representative sequences using the QIIME software package. Results: The milk samples from Pyeongchang were higher in fat, protein, lactose, total solid, and solid non-fat, and bacterial cell counts were observed only for the Hoengseong samples. The phylum Proteobacteria was detected most frequently in both the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang samples, followed by the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Notably, Corynebacterium, Pediococcus, Macrococcus, and Acinetobacter were significantly different from two regions. Conclusion: Although the predominant phylum in raw milk is same, the abundances of major genera in milk samples were different between Hoengseong and Pyeongchang. We assumed that these differences are caused by regional dissimilar farming environments such as soil, forage, and dairy farming equipment so that the quality of milk raw milk from Pyeongchang is higher than that of Hoengseong. These results could provide the crucial information for identifying the microbiota in raw milk of South Korea.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.208-226
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• 1994

From January to December 1993, 3,385 bulk milk samples were collected from 293 herds in Inchon area. Standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) were performed by the method of milk collection, the situation of raising management and monthly. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1, Annual average SPC and SCC were respectively 638,000 cfu /mm and 647,000 cells /mm. SPC showed an abrupt decrease from January-1,088,000 cfu /mm to December-279,000 cfu /mm, but SCC showed a slow change from January-1,017,000 cells /mm to December -673,000 cells /mm 2. Variation on milk quality(annual average SPC) was shown a wide difference between everyday collection-575,000 cfu /mm and every other day collection-1,243,000 cfu /mm ac-cording to frequency of milk collection from dairy farms. However, there was a little difference In SCC. 3. In the raising scale, average SPC were the lowest in 16~25mi1king cows, and average SCC were the lowest in above 25milking cows. 4. According to types of milking machine, average SPC and SCC of dairy farms that are equipped with pipeline system were respectively 361,000 cfu /mm and 591,000 cells /mm. Those of dairy farms with bucket system were 549,000 cfu /me and 559,000 cells /mm. 5. In the types of management, average SPC an SCC of dairy farms with hired herdsman were 288,000 cfu /mm and 559,000 cells /mm. Those of dairy farms with self-management were 526,000 cfu /mm and 568,000 cells /mm.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.321-325
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• 1983

아카시아 엽단백질(葉蛋白質)을 식량화(食糧化)할 목적(目的)으로 엽록체단백질(葉綠體蛋白質) 및 세포질단백질(細胞質蛋白質)을 조제(調製)하여 영양가(營養價)와 기능적(機能的) 성질(性質)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 아카시아잎의 엽록체단백질(葉綠體蛋白質) 및 세포질단백질(細胞質蛋白質)은 methionine 과 tryptophan 이 제한(制限) 아미노산 이었다. 2. 소화율(消化率)은 엽록체단백질(葉綠體蛋白質)이 72.59%, 세포질단백질(細胞質蛋白質)이 62.24% 이었다. 3 부피밀도, 흡수도(吸水度), 유화능력(乳化能力)및 유제(乳濟)의 안정성(安定性)은 milk casein에 비해 별차이가 없으나 용해도(溶解度)는 상당히 낮았다. 4 세포질단백질(細胞質蛋白質)의 지방흡착도(脂肪吸着度)는 milk casein 과 비슷하나 엽록체단백질(葉綠體蛋白質)은 상당히 낮았다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.504-507
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• 2015

Coxiella burnetii는 세포 내 기생하는 리케치아의 한 종류로 전세계에서 발병하는 인수공통 전염병인 큐열의 원인체이다. 국내에서 C. burnetii의 감염이 사람과 동물에서 보고되고 있지만 제한적인 지역에서만 실시되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 real-time PCR을 이용하여 소의 혈액과 유즙 시료에서 C. burnetii의 전국적인 검출률을 조사하는 것이다. 총 1,325 개 시료(한우 혈액 622 개, 젖소 혈액 185 개, 젖소 개체 유즙 170 개 및 젖소 집합유 348 개)를 전국적으로 채취하였다. 채취한 시료에서 Genomic DNA를 추출하였으며 C. burnetii 검출을 위한 real-time PCR을 실시하였다. 한우 혈액 622 개 중 17(2.7%) 개에서 C. burnetii가 검출되었고 젖소 혈액 185 개 중 2 (1.1%) 개에서 C. burnetii가 검출되었다. 젖소의 개체별 유즙 170 개 중 27(15.9%) 개에서 C. burnetii가 검출되었으며 집합유 348 개 중 84(24.1%) 개에서 C. burnetii가 검출되었다. 본 연구는 국내의 소가 C. burnetii에 높게 감염되어 있는 것을 확인하였으며, 인수공통질병인 큐열에 의한 가축과 사람의 피해를 예방하기 위하여, 가축과 사람의 큐열에 대한 추가적인 역학적 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.420-429
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• 2023

본 연구에 선정된 농약성분은 사용목적에 따른 분류 기준으로 살충제에 해당되며, 유효성분 조성에 따른 분류의 경우 유기인계 농약성분 2가지, 농약 중 가장 범용적으로 사용되고 있는 피레스로이드 농약성분 3가지이다. 원유 중 5가지 농약성분인 chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin 및 permethrin 등은 시료와 분석물질의 특성을 고려하여 2그룹으로 나누어 시료전처리를 확립하였고 LLE와 카트리지를 이용하여 원유 중에 농약성분을 분석하였다. GC-MS/MS을 이용하였고 사용된 컬럼은 HP-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm ID, 0.25 ㎛)를 사용하였다. 검량선의 농도는 10-200 ng/mL이고, 각각의 분석물질의 결정계수(R²)가 0.997 이상으로 확인하였다. 정밀성과 정확성을 확인하기 위해 검량선 내 3가지 농도 선정하여 일내와 일간의 정밀성 및 정확성을 측정하였다. 5개의 분석물질의 일내 일간 정밀성은 10.3% 이하, 정확성은 100.9-117.5%의 범위로 확인되었다. 확립된 분석법의 회수율 측정을 위해 농약기준 규격의 잔류허용기준을 참고하여 가장 낮은 농도를 선정하였고 회수율은 86.1%-102.1%로 확인되었다. 물질의 검출한계 및 정량한계의 농도 범위는 37.5-125 ng/mL로 산출되었다. 측정 불확도를 산출하기 위해 설정된 불확도 요인을 설정하여 산출하였다. 그 결과 신뢰수준 95% k=2에서 chlorpyrifos 6.35±0.32 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos-methyl 6.20±0.17 mg/kg, cypermethrin 6.45±0.45 mg/kg, deltamethrin 6.28±0.20 mg/kg, permethrin 6.10±0.56 mg/kg 으로 불확도 값을 산출하여 원유 중 5가지 농약 성분의 유효성이 검증된 분석법을 확립하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 원유 중 미량으로 잔류할 수 있는 농약성분의 검출이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 기준규격 설정과 관리에 좋은 참고 자료가 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.383-391
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• 2000

Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) determination is being used an indicator of the protein-energy balance in dairy herds. A faulty balance can be corrected to optimize milk production and animal health. This parameter is regarded as a potential tool to evaluate suboptimal feeding practices and reproductive disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the response of milk composition by regular feeding analysis and to compared the relationship between MUN and milk protein(MP) and fertility at the insemination period in Holstein dairy cows. Total of 355 artificial insemination (AI) for 150 Holstein cows in the herd were used to examine the relationship between MUN and MP content and conception rate. The AI occured for the cows 50 to 150 day in milk, and MUN and MP concentration were determined using automated infrared procedures. The mean${\pm}$standard deviation of MUN and MP concentration in the herd were $15.6{\pm}2.1mg/dl$ and $3.23{\pm}0.38%$, respectively. MUN contents of bulk milk were increase by elevated crude protein intake. The conception rate was lower in the cows in which the level of MUN was lower than > 8.0mg/dl (10.0%) or > higher than 25mg/dl (15.4%) relative to the cows in MUN content of 12.0~17.9 mg/dl (36.7%) at the time of insemination. Also, lower MP than 3.0% or higher MP than 3.25% were associated with a lower conception rates. Consequently, MUN and MP analyses may be used serve as a monitoring tool of protein and energy nutritional balance to improve reproduction efficiency in Holstein dairy cows.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.150-165
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• 1992

The study for a effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was conduced for a year from Dec, 1989 to Nov, 1990, Sampling the bulk milk of 350 herds in Inchon city and out of 10 herds among them were carried out herds guidance, CMT, SCC, isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. Annual mean SCC of 1213 herds was 558, 000 cell /ml 2. The number of SCC below 500, 000 cell /ml to quarters for herds guidance was at 1st 77. 0%, End 84.8% and 3rd 80.4%. The is shown that milk quality was steadly improved. 3. The most number of isolated pathogens of bovine mastitis was Staphylococcus SPP - 402(47.2%) Streptococcus SPP - 80(18.7% ) 4. The highest rate of antibiotic sensitivity test was Stapylococcus SPP - cephalothin(76.7%) Streptococcus SPP - ampicillin(77.5%) Gram negative bacilli - tetracyclin(76.0%) 5. The effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was improved showing that at 1st 49.0% to 3rd 72.0%