• Computers and Concrete
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.865-880
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• 2015

Standard test method for bulk electrical conductivity (ASTM C1760) provides a rapid indication of the concrete's resistance to the penetration of chloride ions by diffusion. In this paper a new approach for assessing the bulk electrical conductivity of saturated specimens of hardened concrete is presented. The test involves saturating concrete specimens with a 5 M NaCl solution before measuring the conductivity of the samples. By saturating specimens with a highly conductive solution, they showed virtually the same pore solution conductivity. Different concrete samples yield different conductivity primarily due to differences in their pore structure. The feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by testing different concrete mixtures consisting ordinary and blended cement of silica fume (SF) and calcined perlite powder (CPP). Two standard test methods of RCPT (ASTM C1202) and Bulk Conductivity (ASTM C1760) were also applied to all of the samples. The results show that for concretes containing SF and CPP, the proposed method is less sensitive towards the variations in the pore solution conductivity in comparison with RCPT and Bulk Conductivity tests. It seems that this method is suitable for the assessment of the performance and durability of different concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.123-134
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• 1999

The electrical properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC conductivity of grain were presented to measure the moisture content of grain using RF impedance. At frequency ranging from 1 to 10MHz and room temperature, $20^{\circ}C$, vector network analyzer(HP4195) and coaxial type sample holder were used to analyze the electrical properties of paddy(11∼24%w.b.), brown rice(11∼18%w.b.), barley(11∼21%w.b.) and wheat(11∼23%w.b.) depending on the moisture content, frequency and bulk density. The dielectric constant and AC conductivity of grain samples increased with moisture content and bulk density. The dielectric constants decreased with frequency and could be expressed as function of the moisture density(decimal moisture $content{\times}bulk$ density).

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1989년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부
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• pp.127-130
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• 1989

This paper reports the theoretical model and the experimental results regarding to the electrical conductivity of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The total effective conductance of a-Si:H with a planar structure has been considered as the sum of the conductance of an adsorbate-induced layer, a surface-interface layer, a bulk layer, and a substrate-interface layer. In order to investigate the effects of space charge layers in a-Si:H on the conductivity, the thickness dependence of the conductivity is characterized and the conductivities measured at the upper electrodes deposited on a-Si:H are compared with those measured at the lower electrodes deposited on the glass substrate. From our analysis, the bulk conductivity and the thickness of the space charge layer in a-Si:H are characterized quantitatively.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.119-132
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• 2015

Electrical resistivity is an important physical property of portland cement concrete which is directly related to chloride induced corrosion process. This study examined the electrical surface resistivity (SR) and bulk electrical resistivity (BR) of concrete cylinders for various binary and ternary based high-performance concrete (HPC) mixtures from 7 to 161 days. Two different types of instruments were utilized for this investigation and they were 4 point Wenner probe meter for SR and Merlin conductivity tester for bulk resistivity measurements. Chronological development of electrical resistivity as well as correlation between two types of resistivity on several days was established for all concrete mixtures. The ratio of experimental surface resistance to bulk resistance and corresponding resistivity was computed and compared with theoretical values. Results depicted that bulk and SR are well correlated for different groups of HPC mixtures and these mixtures have attained higher range of electrical resistivity for both types of measurements. In addition, this study presents distribution of surface and bulk resistivity in different permeability classes as proposed by Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) specification from 7 to 161 days. Furthermore, electrical resistivity data for several HPC mixtures and testing procedure provide multiple promising options for long lasting bridge decks against chloride induced corrosion due to its ease of implementation, repeatability, non-destructive nature, and low cost.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 1998

비포화대에서의 지하수 오염원의 이송을 관측하는 것은 매우 어려운 거승로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 함수량과 농도가 다른 시료를 이용하여 비포화 용존 오염원의 농도를 측정하기 위한 TDR의 적용가능성에 대한 검정실험을 수행하였다. 초기전자기파에 대한 TDR반향파의 감쇄정도를 이용하여 토양의 총전기전도도를 측정하게 되는데 이때 함수량이 일정할 경우 총전기전도도와 토양수의 농도관계는 선형관계를 유지한다는 가정을 기본으로한다. 본 연구에서는 세가지의 농도와 체적함수량을 갖는 시료를 성형하고 이때의 TDR 반향곡선을 측정하여 Dalton 등(1984), Topp 등(1988), Yanuka 등(1988), Zegelin 등 (1989)이 제안한 추정식으로 통초양전기전도도를 구하였다. 실험결과 Zegelin등이 제안한 식을 제외한 세 가지 식들은 매우 좋은 토양수의 농도와 총전기전도도의 선형관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 이 세가지 추정식들은 용존 오염원의 농도를 추정함에 있어 매우 유용한 식으로 판단되며 이 추정식들을 이용하는 TDR 비포화 용존 오염원 측정법은 실내실험과 현장실험에 있어 매우 유용하리라 판단된다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.135-146
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• 2015

Graphite can be classified into natural graphite from mines and artificial graphite. Due to its outstanding properties such as light weight, thermal resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and high-temperature strength, artificial graphite is used across various industries in powder form and bulk form. Artificial graphite of powder form is usually used as anode materials for secondary cells, while artificial graphite of bulk form is used in steelmaking electrode bars, nuclear reactor moderators, silicon ingots for semiconductors, and manufacturing equipment. This study defines artificial graphite as bulk graphite, and provides an overview of bulk graphite manufacturing, including isotropic and anisotropic materials, molding methods, and heat treatment.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.741-749
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 TDR의 반향파의 특성과 총토양전기전도도의 관계를 이용한 비포화 토양에서의 용존오염원 농도를 측정하는 방법을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법은 두 가지 중요한 관계를 결합한 것으로 첫 번째는 함수량이 일정할 경우 전기전도도와 토양수 농도는 선형관계를 유지한다는 것이며, 두 번째는 천이상태의 용존여염원의 농도를 측정할 수 있게 하기 위해 함수량과 전기전도도의 관계를 설정하는 것이다. 함수량과 전기전도도의 관계를 추정하는 식들이 여러 연구자들에 의하여 제안되었으나, 본 연구에서는 측정의 정확도를 높이기 위하여 한계함수량의 개념을 도입한 새로운 추정식을 제안하였다. 한계함수량 개념을 이용하여 실험자료를 선형, 비선형 구간으로 나누어 분석하였는데, 실험자료의 반영정도를 증가시킬 수 있어 본 연구에서 제안된 식을 이용하여 추정된 전기전도도와 함수량관계는 다른 제안식에 비하여 개선된 결과를 보여 주었다. 본 연구에서 제안된 전기전도도와 함수량관계 추정식을 이용한 천이상태의 오염원 농도 측정법은 함수량이 급하게 변하는 토양에도 적용할 수 있는 매우 유용한 방법으로 판단된다.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.284-290
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• 1996

The electrical properties of bulk galsses in the system Na$_{2}$O-CaO-Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$-B$_{2}$O$_{3}$-SiO$_{2}$ containing 20 to 30mol% sodium which have been subjected to a sodium .tautm. silver ion exchange reaction for 24, 36 and 48 hrs. were analysed by impedance spectroscopy method. Ion exchanged glasses exhibit activation energy values lower than those of the untreated ones. The electrical conductivity increase with sodium content and ion exchanging time. In this experiment the electrical conductivity exhibits a manximum value of 1.78*10$^{-4}$ S/cm at 200.deg. C which contains 30mol% sodium and subjects ion exchange reaction for 48hrs.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.204-209
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• 2016

The analyses on self-heating effect in 7 nm node non-rectangular Bulk FinFET device were performed using 3D device simulation with consideration to contact via and pad. From self-heating effect simulation, the position where the maximum lattice temperature occurs in Bulk FinFET device was investigated. Through the comparison of thermal resistance at each node, main heat transfer path in Bulk FinFET device can be determined. Self-heating effect with device parameter and operation temperature was also analyzed and compared. In addition, the impact of interconnects which are connected between the device on self-heating effect was investigated.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2021

In the manufacturing of bulk graphite, pores produced by vaporization and discharge of volatile materials in binders during carbonization reduce the density of bulk graphite, which adversely affects the electrical conductivity, strength and mechanical properties. Therefore, an impregnation process is introduced to fill the pores and increase the density of bulk graphite. In this study, bulk graphite is prepared by varying the viscosity of the impregnant. The microstructure of bulk graphite is observed. The flexural strength and electrical resistivity are measured. As the viscosity of the impregnants decreases and the number of impregnations increases, it is shown that the number of pores decreases. The density before impregnation is 1.62 g/㎤. The density increases to 1.67 g/㎤ and porosity decreases by 18.6 % after three impregnations using 5.1 cP impregnant, resulting in the best pore-filling effect. After three times of impregnation with a viscosity of 5.1 cP, the flexural strength increases by 55.2 % and the electrical resistivity decreases by 86.76 %. This shows that a slight increase in density due to the pore-filling effect improves the properties of bulk graphite.