• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.119-128
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• 2018

Limit state design has been implemented in Korea since 2015; however, there exists no specification of lateral load determination on retaining wall due to the Korean standard traffic load on retaining wall's backfill surface. The lateral load from traffic depends on lane number, standard truck's axle loads and locations, loading distance from the inner wall. The concept of equivalent height of soil accounting for traffic loadings is typically used for design of retaining walls to quantify the traffic loads transmitted to the inner wall faces. Due to the different characteristics of the standard design trucks between Korea and US (AASHTO), the direct use of the guidelines from AASHTO LRFD leads to incorrect estimation of traffic load effects on retaining walls. This paper presents the results of evaluation of equivalent height of soil to reflect the Korean standard truck, based on the findings from analytical solutions using Bounessq's theory and numerical assessment using 2D finite element method. Consequently, it was found that the equivalent heights of soil from the Korean standard truck load were lower for lower retaining wall height.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.573-585
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• 2019

The objective of this study is to propose the drainage system that has been improved the workability, waterproofing and drainage performance to treat the leakage from the cement concrete structures in underground. It is improved that the pipe for conveying ground leak in the existing drainage system had the problem in workability and waterproof. The drainage systems with the improved pipe for conveying ground leak were constructed in conventional concrete lining tunnels to evaluate the workability, waterproofing and drainage. The waterproof and the drainage performance of the drainage system was evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of red water in the back of the drainage system at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, 11 weeks, 14 weeks, 17 weeks and 23 weeks. During 6 months of field performance test, the average daily temperature of the tunnel site was measured from $-12.4^{\circ}C$ to $19.7^{\circ}C$. The daily minimum temperature was $-17.2^{\circ}C$ and the daily maximum temperature was $26.7^{\circ}C$. There was no problem in waterproof and drainage performance on the pipe for conveying ground leak and the drainage system during 6 months for field performance test. It is concluded that the improved drainage system can be applied to various cement concrete underground structures where leakage occurs, and has little seasonal effect.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.110-124
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• 2019

In recent years, over-supply of hospitals has made hospital management more difficult and hospitals have introduced innovative hospital management to enhance customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of innovativeness of hospitals on customer satisfaction by using mediating effects of hospital capacity and location strategy. The subjects of this study were selected from 120 patients and caregivers who were hospitalized in Seoul and Metropolitan area hospitals and conducted questionnaire and statistical analysis. The results of this study are as follows: Firstly, this paper shows hospital Innovativeness does not significantly affect customer satisfaction. Unlike private companies, it is urgent to develop innovativeness measuring tools that are unique to hospitals differentiated from those of general companies. Secondly, although the impact of Innovativeness on hospital internal competency and location strategy was similar, location strategy(${\beta}=0.357$) had a greater impact on customer satisfaction than internal competency(${\beta}=0.283$). This suggests that the medical institution should take precedence over the detailed preparations based on its location marketability, traffic infrastructure, building sales and medical concentration from the time of its opening. Thirdly, this paper confirms through empirical analysis that the relationship between hospital Innovativeness and customer satisfaction is completely mediated by internal capacity and location strategy. The hospital's Innovativeness is affecting customer satisfaction by enhancing the hospital's internal competencies and inducing an active attitude toward establishing a location strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2019

As the national industry is developing gradually due to the expansion of the economic scale, the construction of large and super high-rise structures for building social infrastructure has been increasing, and studies have been conducted actively to transmit the large loads at the upper portion to the lower bedrock. In this study, the PHC was extended to an ultra-high strength PHC, which increased the concrete compressive strength of the PHC from the conventional 80 MPa to 110 MPa, and the PHC, which extended the tip of the pile. After construction with the driving method and injected pile method, the tendency of the bearing capacity was tested through a load test. Measurements of the bearing capacity of the extended PHC using the pile driving method revealed the main surface friction force to be smaller than that of the general PHC, and the stet-up effect was also insignificant. On the other hand, the effect of the friction force on the ground surface when the injected pile method was applied is expected to increase the bearing capacity when the gap between the main surface and the ground is wide and the cement paste is filled tightly. In addition, the ultrahigh strength PHC showed higher bearing capacity than the conventional PHC, and the permissible pile stress was less than 60%. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the number of piles and reduce the construction cost and effect of shortening the length of the pile by designing the tip of the pile on the ground with the intensity of soft rock as a method for utilizing the increased strength of the ultra-high strength PHC.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.21-31
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• 2018

Bucket foundations are widely used in offshore areas due to their various benefits such as easy and fast installations. A bucket is installed using self-weight and the hydraulic pressure difference across the lid generated by pumping out water from inside the bucket. When buckets are installed in high permeable soil such as sands, upward seepage flow occurs around the bucket tip and interior, leading to a decrease in the effective stress in the soil inside the buckets. This process reduces the penetration resistance of buckets. However, the soil inside and outside the bucket can be disturbed due to the upward seepage flow and this can change the soil properties around the bucket. Moreover, upward seepage flow can create significant soil plug heave, thereby hindering the penetration of the bucket to the target depth. Despite of these problems, soil disturbance and soil plug heave created by suction installation are not well understood. This study aims to investigate the behavior of soil during suction installation. To comprehend the phenomena of soil plug heave during installation, a series of small-scale model tests were conducted with different testing conditions. From a series of tests, the effects of tip thickness of bucket, penetration rate, and self-weight were identified. Finally, soil properties inside the bucket after installation were approximated from the measured soil plug heave.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1177-1192
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• 2018

The objective of this study is to develop the existing drainage system for catching the partial leakage of tunnel structures operating in cold region. The drainage system consists of drainage board, Hotty-gel as a waterproofing material, cover for preventing protrusion of Hotty-gel, air nailer, fixed nail, pipe for collecting ground leak, pipe for conveying ground leak, wire-mesh, and sprayed cement mortar. The drainage systems were installed in conventional concrete lining tunnels to evaluate the site applicability and constructability. The performances of waterproof and the drainage in the drainage system were evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of red water in the back of the drainage system at 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months and 8 months. During 8 months of field test, the average daily temperature of the tunnel site was measured from $-16.0^{\circ}C$ to $25.6^{\circ}C$. The daily minimum temperature was $-21.3^{\circ}C$ and the daily maximum temperature was $30.8^{\circ}C$. There was no problem in waterproof and drainage performance of the drainage board in the drainage system. However, the pipe for conveying ground leak had the leakage problem from 14 days. It is considered that the leakage of the pipe for conveying ground leak was caused by the deformation of the pipe of the flexible plastic material having a thickness of 0.2 cm by using the high pressure air nailer and the fixing pin and the insufficient thickness and width of the hotty-gel for preventing the leakage.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2019

This study investigated electrical conductivity, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, and mechanical property to improve electromagnetic shielding performance of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCC). Steel fiber, steel slag and carbon black as a conductive material were incorporated into the HPFRCC mixes. In addition, 2% CNT solution which was produced by dispersing multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) into water was used as a conductive material. In the test results, electrical conductivity of HPFRCC specimens was very low except for the specimen incorporating 1% carbon black. Micro structure of cement matrix was changed as the curing time increased, which negatively affected the conductive network of HPFRCC. In case of HC1 specimen showing a conductive network (0.083 S/cm), the electrical conductivity of the specimen after being dried at $60^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours to exclude the effect of water on electrical conductivity was significantly reduced to 0.0003 S/cm. The most important parameter of electromagnetic shielding effect was found to be a steel fiber while the effect of carbon black and steel slag was very few. The correlation between electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding effect does not seem to be clear.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.21-36
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• 2019

To ensure that Korea continues to grow, past governments have been consistent in following a policy of advancing into Russia, Mongolia, and Eurasia. The northern economy can expect to achieve synergistic growth because its economic structure complements that of Korea, which has high energy demand and industrial development. There is also an opportunity to accelerate the growth of the China-Russia-Mongolia economic corridor, which is based on Russia's Look East Policy, China's One Belt One Road, and the Mongolian Steppe Road initiative. The Korean government is pursuing a New Northern Policy to achieve the goal of economic cooperation and peace building with other nations, including North Korea; this policy succeeds the Northern Policy pursued by the previous government. As international economic cooperation requires transportation infrastructure, the demand for shipping, which offers more advantages than road and rail transportation, will increase; thus, it is necessary to prepare for it. Korea's port cities, which have a port that serves as the nodal point for maritime transportation, need to prepare for the New Northern Policy. In this paper, the long-term development of Seosan-Daesan port in the was planned and the North Korea's opening-op plan was considered in accordance with the New Northern Policy. Because international cooperation between the government and the provincial cities is required, cooperation with the Port Authority is needed, along with the proactive attitude of Seosan City, Chungcheongnam-do. The Seosan-Daesan port, which is the center of the liquid energy cargo center, can become the base of the New Northern Policy Region; further, the port can be an opportunity to establish its position as a peaceful economic hub on the west coast of Korea.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.553-563
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• 2018

The recent increase of ground subsidence in Korea requires the development of technology for predicting the possibility of ground subsidence. Eighteen parameters affecting the ground subsidence for pre-excavation are classified into 6 categories considering ground types, groundwater, and external factors. Eighteen parameters consists of a table which gives ground subsidence risk ratings for pre-excavation(GSRp). Certain scores are given to these parameters after they are divided into several classes considering the importance and the credibility of parameters and the engineering judgements of the authors. Because of the difference of ground subsidence factors depending on the ground and field conditions, weighting factors for the individual factor and for the each category are multiplied. Weighting factors are calculated from citation frequencies of influencing factors. Ground subsidence risk ratings for pre-excavation can be quantified by considering the individual score of each parameter and weighting factors for the individual factor and for the each category. The suggested GSRp tables obtained from this study are expected to be used by engineers for the estimation of ground subsidence risk ratings for pre-excavation sites.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.85-94
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate how easy pedestrians get around within/through the "Apartment Complexes (AC), " a common style of high-rise multi-family housing in Korea. Over the past six decades, the AC has been the most conventional way to provide standardized housing efficiently to address the problems of the shortage of housing and the substandard housing, due to the explosion of urban population with the rapid industrialization. The AC is a huge chunk of homeogenous multi-family housing, mostly condos with decent infrastructure, including parks, pedestrian passages, schools, ect. Both in the new town development and urban renewal programs have utilized the advantages of the AC. Since the design principals of AC tend to adopt the "protective design" to prevent cars and pedestrians coming outside from passing it, it has been criticised for dissecting the continuity of socioeconomic context in neighborhoods. The neo-traditional planning urbanists, including Jane Jacobs, emphasize that smaller blocks and grid road newtworks are the key in improving social, cultural, and economic vitality of the neighborhoods, because these design concepts allow more pedestrians and different types of people to be mixed in a neighborhood. In this study, we first adopted objective measures for pedestrian accessibility and pedestrian efficiency. These measures were used to calculate the lengths of shortest paths from residential buildings to the edges of AC. We tested the difference in shortest paths between the current pedestrian networks of AC and hypothetical grid networks on the AC, and the relative difference is considered as the pedestrian efficiency, using the network analysis function of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Python programming. We found from the randomly selected 30 ACs that the existing non-grid road networks in ACs are worse than the hypothesized grid networks, in terms of pedestrian efficiency. In average, pedestrians in AC with the conventional road networks have to walk than 25%, 26%, and 27% longer than the networks of $125{\times}45m$, $100{\times}45m$, and $75{\times}45m$, respectively. With the t-test analysis, we found the pedestrian efficiency of AC with the conventional network is lower than grid-networks. Many new urbanists stress, easiness of walking is one of the most import elements for community building and social bonds. With the findings from the objective measures of pedestrian accessibility and efficiency, the AC would have limitations to attract people outside into the AC itself, which would increase dis-connectivity with adjacent areas.