• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.5 no.1 s.15
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• pp.97-103
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• 2005

Building costs means capital costs which include cost of land, costs of acquiring and preparing the site, construction costs, professional fees, furnishings, cost of financing the project. and cost of management required to run and maintenance the building for use. There are several phases that determine the building costs : design phase, construction phase, and operation & maintenance phase. So, the cost of work could be set against the examining the full range of complexities that a building program might contain. To solve this problem, it needs to compute building cost systematically. This is still in the development stage, awaiting the organization of rational cost data base. The method of cost saving by cost control could be constituted by detailed knowledge of building costs for all possible combinations of components and subsystems that can be assembled into integration model of cost factor on each phase of project development. The model of cost saving in each building phase is available for procedures of cost control of building systems.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.82 no.5
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• pp.557-569
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• 2022

The retrofit of existing structures in high seismic zones is a crucial issue in the earthquake engineering field. The interest of the research community is particularly high for the structures that do not respect current seismic codes and present structural deficiencies such as poor detailing and lack of capacity design provisions. A reinforced concrete (RC) school building is used as case study to show the influence of different knowledge levels on the seismic retrofitting cost assessment. The safety assessment of the case study building highlights deficiencies under both vertical and seismic loads. By considering all the possible knowledge levels defined by the Italian such as by the European codes in order to derive the mechanical properties of the school building constitutive materials, the retrofit operations are designed to achieve different seismic safety thresholds. The retrofit structural costs are calculated and summed up to the costs for in-situ in tests. The paper shows how for the case study building the major costs spent for a large number of in-situ tests allows to save a consistent amount of money for retrofit operations. The hypothesis of demolition and reconstruction of the building is also compared in terms of costs with all the analyzed retrofit options.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to present rational methods of multi-criteria optimization of the envelope of buildings. The object is to determine the optimum R-value of the envelope of a building, based on the following criteria: minimum building costs (including the cost of materials and construction) and yearly heating costs. Mathematical model described heat losses and gains in a building during the heating season. It takes into consideration heat losses through wall, roof, floor and windows. Particular attention was paid to have a more detailed description of heat gains due to solar radiation. On the assumption that shape of building is rectangle in order to solve the problem, optimum R-value of the envelope of a building is determined by using non-linear programing methods(Kuhn-Tucker Conditions). The results constitute information for designers on the optimum R-value of a building envelope for energy saving buildings.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to propose different construction costs based on the number of kindergarten classrooms. Literature review reorganized the space program for kindergartens. For suggesting the room sizes of each spaces, this paper collected the three types of analysis; 1) the previous researches, 2) field survey, and 3) construction drawings. Based on the results, building sizes for the individual class sizes were presented. And, this paper made a standard priced BOQ(Bill of Quantity) through analysis on the existing priced BOQ. Finally, the recommendable construction costs were proposed by applying the building sizes to the standard priced BOQ. The practitioners of school districts and government organizations can make appropriate budgets considering the building sizes.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide an effective construction project cost estimation tool for preparing a business plan of healthcare facilities which can be practically used for development projects. Methods: In order to provide a tool for calculating construction project costs, this study analyzed the Building and Related Laws, the Building Technology Promotion Laws, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport notifications and directives, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy notifications, the detailed guidelines of the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, the Building Service Industry Promotion Acts, various certification standards, actual project budget calculation cases, etc. with advices from related experts. Results: 1) Construction cost is classified into construction costs, architectural design costs, supervision costs, incidental costs, and each sub-element. In particular, since there are many incidental cost items, essential items to be reviewed during planning are derived and costs are calculated according to appropriate consideration criteria. 2) Criteria for Payment calculation mainly applies the construction cost rate method or the actual cost fixed amount method in consideration of the characteristics and scope of work. Implications: There are many calculation factors that need to be applied to the construction project cost. Therefore, it is necessary to organize the calculation process more clearly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.262-263
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• 2017

Currently, the environmental certification such as BREEAM and LEED has been improved for the sustainable development and related research is conducted continuously. Especially, in the respect of economy, it is reported that the construction costs of the certified buildings are more increased than non-certified buildings. However, the report has not focused on the educational building but the residential and commercial buildings. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the difference of construction costs between LEED and Non-LEED educational buildings. To achieve the objective, the buildings data are collected in 21 universities then T-test is used for examining the construction costs. As a result, it shows that the construction costs of LEED buildings are increased by 3.8% comparing with non-LEED buildings.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to present rational methods of multi-criteria optimization of the shape of energy saving buildings. The object is to determine the optimum dimension of the shape of a building, based on the following criteria: minimum building costs (including the cost of materials and construction) and yearly heating costs. Mathematical model described heat losses and gains in a building during the heating season. It takes into consideration heat losses through wall, roof, floor and windows. Particular attention was paid to have a more detailed description of heat gains due to solar radiation. On the assumption that shape of building is rectangle in order to solve the problem, the proportions of wall length and building height are determined by using non-linear programing methods(Kuhn-Tucker Conditions). The results constitute information for designers on the optimum proportions of wall lengths, height, and the ratios of window to wall areas for energy saving buildings.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.168-175
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• 2011

Construction accidents are major problem in Turkish Construction industry and especially fatally rates are very high. Current legislative system on occupational safety in Turkey enforces employers to implement safety measures as well as safety management systems. However level of consciousness in the industry is unsatisfactory and safety are perceived as extra cost and unnecessary expenditure. Moreover, especially in small residential building constructions which have a big share in the industry and unfortunately safety measures to mitigate or abate construction risks do not exist. The study focuses on small residential building construction sites and in the scope of this study, thirty building projects are examined. For each building project, project cost including labour and material costs, service and consultancy costs for mechanical, electrical systems as well as architectural and structural services, costs for supervision and finally general expenditures for construction site facilities were calculated. On the other hand, occupational safety costs for personal protective equipment, collective protective measures, consultancy and training were determined. Work breakdown structures were established and for each work item firstly occupational risks were evaluated and furthermore according to risk scores safety measures to be implemented were defined and related costs were calculated. The study gave results for total safety cost on average, in terms of percentage of total project cost (3.73% of total project cost), safety cost per man-hour (0.40 USD) and safety cost in terms of unit construction area (11.60 USD per square meter). Since safety management is a part of whole project management process, study gives suggestions and techniques to calculate safety costs and implement safety measures as a part of project management service for professionals. Authors believe that suggested approach may easily developed by the usage of more data to establish a model for estimation not only for building construction sites but also for all construction projects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.3-10
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• 2017

The efforts for sustainable development in building construction is widely applied by global organizations, governments, etc. However, according to the researchers, if the green rating systems on the building, it is reported that construction costs and durations are increased compared to conventional buildings. In this respect, the objective of this study is to identify the construction costs between LEED and non-LEED buildings. The scope of this study is limited in 21 university buildings of Canada. The methodology is as follows: First, the data of LEED and non-LEED buildings are collected in every university building. Second, the average construction costs per square meter is collected and normality check is conducted. Third, to identify statistical significance, the difference of average construction costs is analyzed by using T-test. As a result, it is concluded that the construction costs of LEED buildings are increased by approximately 3.8% more than non-LEED buildings. In the future, the results of this study can be applied to analyzing the additional costs according to the LEED grade in educational buildings.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.142-150
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze maintenance costs and estimation of elemental costs for educational buildings. The adapted research method selected four school buildings in seoul region as BTL projects. On the basis of the selected case, the study suggested a model to establish a system for each parts and estimate analyzed construction costs and maintenance costs according to that system. According to the analysis, the study proposed a partial construction costs analysis table and maintenance costs table and analyzed proper construction costs and maintenances costs. The results of this study are as follows 1) The average ratio followed by calculation of partial construction costs of the four school buildings are as followings. The total construction costs is analysed 6,666million won and each part of average rations is structure 47.15%, exterior of building 8.34%, interior of building 23.37%, electricity & fire fighting facility 5.74%, water supply & healthy facility 4.27%, heating & water supply facility 5.25%, landscape 1.36%, civil engineering works 4.51%. 2)The average ratio followed by analysis of partial maintenance costs of the four school buildings are as followings. The total maintenance costs is analysed 4,309 million won and each part of average ratio is exterior of building 11.02%, interior of building 41.81%, electricity & fire fighting facility 14.81%, water supply & healthy facility 11.22%, heating & water supply facility 12.76%, landscape 5.75%, civil engineering works 2.63%.