• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.18-33
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• 2007

Buddist Medicine has greatly influenced Chinese medicine, a medicine centered around East Asian traditional medicine. Buddhist medicine, however, was replaced when Chinese medicine became centered around Confucianism in the 12th century. According to "Tianjinyaofang" a document of the 8th century, however, traces of Buddhist medicine can be found. This study has found and organized the traces of Buddhist medicine in both Korean and Chinese medicine today.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.27-40
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• 2018

Sauna, or hanjeung (汗蒸) is a physical sweating method that uses external heat to forcibly raise body temperature to treat cold damage disorders (傷寒) in traditional Korean medicine. This study focuses on the fact that the sauna was recorded as a healing and bathing method on the Vinaya Pitaka (律藏), and investigates the records of folk sauna therapy of Joseon Dynasty from the perspective of Buddhist medicine which played a significant role in ancient medicine history in Korea. Although the word 'hanjeung (汗蒸)' first appeared in "The Veritable Records of King Sejong (世宗實錄)" in the Korean literature, this study aims to confirm the possibility that the tradition of Buddhist sauna bathing has already existed since the Three Kingdoms period in Korea, based on the fact that sauna bathing was recorded in the Vinaya Pitaka and that the ancient Buddhist bathing culture was introduced in ancient Japan. In addition, the succession of the Buddhist sauna tradition by Goryeo will be traced back through the records of 1920s urban saunas in Gaesung (개성) which was the old capital of Goryeo and had a strong tendency to adhere to traditional Goryeo customs. Finally, the study tries to identify the elements of the Buddhist sauna bathing on the records of folk sauna therapy in the Joseon Dynasty. As a result, this study examines how the Buddhist sauna bathing culture in ancient Korea, which was led by medical monks, spread in the general public and influenced the folk sauna therapy in the Joseon Dynasty.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2019

The $S{\bar{u}}tra$ of Great Dhāraṇī of the Uṣṇīṣa-cittā is one of the most widely published scriptures of Esoteric Buddhism during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The sutra is often referred to as a Buddhist medical scripture whose recitation is believed to allay diseases such as difficult birth, chest pain, and infectious and incurable diseases. It utilizes two major methods for healing: reciting and copying the sutra or copying the dharani and talisman which appear at the end of the text with fine cinnabar and ingesting them with aromatic water. In order to understand the medical and historical value of this sutra, this study examines the historical background of its establishment in early China and its migration to Korea in the Goryeo period. This study also investigates the identity and value of the scripture in Buddhist medical history. The oldest known printed texts of the sutra in Korea are dated to the late 11th century. Because of the material benefits of the text, the tradition of printing and distributing the sutra was very popular between the 13th and 19th centuries. Therefore, examples of the sutra having been used for medicinal purposes during rites are found in historical records. Finally, the study tries to identify the relationship between the treatment methods of the Sutra and those of Korean traditional medicine focusing on several Korean traditional medical texts such as the Hyangyak-Jibseongbang (Compilation of Native Korean Prescriptions), the Donguibogam, and the Euibang-Hapbu.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 2005

Objectives : This study is an investigation the clinical development of oriental neuropsychiatry through the practical application of respiration techniques in oriental medicine and Buddhism. Methods : Oriental medicine and Buddhism both make much use of respiration techniques. According to a comparative study on these; A group for the clinical application of oriental medical respiration methods, and A study both the differences and common features of oriental medical and Buddhist respiration techniques, to deliver therapeutic and preventive medical assistance to patients. Results and Conclusion : 1. Oriental medical respiration techniques have as their object the prevention and treatment of disease through smooth circulation of Gi(氣) and Hyeol(血) according to the concentration of the mind on acupuncture points. 2. Buddhist respiration techniques make use of planned psychological rest and ascetic practical expedience according to the close observation of the five senses(五感) of the real world through exhalation(呼) and inhalation(吸) based on Buddhist philosophy. 3. Although the pursuit of oriental medicine and Buddhism can be different, I think a need to develop new respiration techniques can lead to psychological balance and medical treatment through compounding both sets of knowledge.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2004

Objectives : To evaluate the cost and proportion of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) in the total healthcare costs among the elderly in the last 6 months of life. Methods : The care-giving families of 301 persons older than 65 years, who died between July 1st and December 31st of 2001, and were also registered in Self-Employed Health Insurance Programs in Seoul, were interviewed. Results : The cost of CAM was 1.09 million Won, which as a proportion of the total healthcare cost was 38.1%. The elderly aged between 65 and 69 year-old, male, living with their spouse, Buddhist and having cancers had higher CAM costs in an ANOVA and simple regression analysis. After controlling of various factors, age was the only significant factor associated with the cost of CAM. The elderly above 80 years old, female, bereaved and Buddhist had higher proportional CAM costs, and the elderly having cancers or cardiovascular diseases had lower proportional CAM costs in an ANOVA and simple regression analysis. After adjusting for various factors, the elderly above 85 years old, female and Buddhist had higher proportional CAM costs, and the elderly having cancers had lower proportional CAM costs. Conclusion : The very old and Buddhist, and/or the ill with no clear diagnosis, may depend more on CAM. Further research will be needed on the meaning and impact of CAM and their costs to public health and the total healthcare system.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 1982

To determine the influence of vegetarian diet on serum lipoprotein, cholesterol and protein levels, 45 young Buddhist nuns (age: $20{\sim}34$ years) and 29 female students(age: $20{\sim}22$ years) were examined. Daily caloric intakes were 1,945 Kcal for the Buddhist nuns and 1,815 Kcal for the students. The ratio of% calorie of carbohydrate: protein: fat from total calories in the Buddhist nuns was 84:11:5 and that in the students was 70:15:15. The Buddhist nuns had significantly higher carbohydrate intake but markedly lower lipid intakes than the students. Anthropometric measurement showed that the Buddhist nuns had significantly higher values of body weight, skin-fold thickness, body surface area and obesity index than the students. Both systolic and diastolic pressures of the Buddhist nuns and students were similar. Serum levels of total lipid, cholesterol and proteins in the Buddhist nuns were not different from those of the students. However, when comparing the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions, the Buddhist nuns had lower level of HDL but significantly higher LDL levels than the students. Furthermore, the Buddhist nuns had significantly lower levels of serum HDL-cholesterol but significantly higher LDL-cholesterol levels. There were significant correlations between LDL and LDL cholesterol (r=0.40), VLDL and VLDL-cholesterol(r=0.85), HDL and HDL-cholesterol(r=0.45), total serum lipid and total cholesterol (r=0.66) and total serum cholesterol and LDL(r=0.79). On the other hand, values of both serum total protein, and fractions of serum proteins were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students(ratio of albumin: ${\alpha}_{1}-:\;{\alpha}_{2}-:\;{\beta}-:\;{\gamma}-$globulins=55:3:10:13:19). Hematocrit and hemogloblin levels were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students. Above results suggest that vegetarian diets of the Buddhist nuns produced alterations in the metabolism of the lipoproteins and cholesterol.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.27-64
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• 2021

Objectives : This paper examined the Buddhist contents within the text, Bencaoshengyabanji(本草乘雅半偈). Methods : Medicinals that were searched through Buddhist vocabulary were examined. Results & Conclusions : Medicinals that quoted the Lengyanjing were related to the Water-Fire interaction, food and medicine, and karma, while those that quoted the Shidian were related to 無上道, 去惡殺蟲, 樞機滑利, and 生生之氣. Those related to the Great Earth of the Four Elements corrected the body's form based on Metal Qi, while those related to the Great Water were connected to the circulation of water dampness. Those related to the Great Fire were deeply related to Yang Qi, and those related to the Great Wind were connected to Wind control. Of the Four Origins, medicinals that were viviparous lowered Qi, while those that were oviparous were related to communicating Shen, treating diseases of the Conception Vessel, and the closing and opening of day and night. Medicinals originating from dampness were related to urination and fluid management, while those of metamorphosis were related to the process of Qi. Those related to emptiness were related to the communication of the Qi system, while those related to 六根六塵 were connected to calming the Shen and strengthening the will, and smoothing the nine orifices. Medicinals related to 圓通 were used for improving eyesight and hearing and controlling the closing and opening. Lu Zhi-yi's analysis of medicinals through the Lengyanjing is original in that it suggested a new perspective other than previous theories on pharmacology which were based on the Yin-Yang and Five Phases and Rising/Lowering/Floating/Sinking theories, but also pedantic and exaggerated. The Bencaoshengyabanji is a unique text on medicinals which analyzed each medicinal under Buddhist influence. However, it also followed the contexts of other previous texts on medicinals, and influenced Zou shu.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.562-574
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• 2018

The tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) protein is a retinoidinducible growth regulator and is considered a tumor suppressor. Here, we show that DnaJ heat shock protein family member C8 (DNAJC8) is a TIG1 target that regulates glycolysis. Ectopic DNAJC8 expression induced the translocation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) into the nucleus, subsequently inducing glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression to promote glucose uptake. Silencing either DNAJC8 or PKM2 alleviated the upregulation of GLUT1 expression and glucose uptake induced by ectopic DNAJC8 expression. TIG1 interacted with DNAJC8 in the cytosol, and this interaction completely blocked DNAJC8-mediated PKM2 translocation and inhibited glucose uptake. Furthermore, increased glycose uptake was observed in cells in which TIG1 was silenced. In conclusion, TIG1 acts as a pivotal repressor of DNAJC8 to enhance glucose uptake by partially regulating PKM2 translocation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2009

Nowadays we can take a physical examination during pregnancy by various and advanced technology instruments. But there were no instruments in old times, so the ancient doctors examined symptoms and pulse of a pregnant woman. Therefore it is very important to comprehend the pulse in Oriental medicine. Fetus and mother are connected with the umbilical cord, and they interact with each other. Especially, symptoms and pulse of mother change during the formation of fetus. On account of being easy to study the changes of pulse from pregnant woman, it is important to know the formation of fetus. In Western medicine, the Buddhist scriptures and Oriental medicine mentioned about the formation of fetus. Because of different viewpoints, the choice of words and formative methods are differ from field to field. Western medicine calls the formation of fetus 'development', the Buddhist scriptures call it 'Ru-tai', and oriental medicine calls it 'Yang-tai'. In spite of the different viewpoints, they have supplementary explanations to study fetus. As a result, we can understand the reasons why pregnancy pulse cannot help changing from month to month.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.877-887
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• 2016

Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) is a retinoic acid-inducible protein that is considered a putative tumor suppressor. The expression of TIG1 is decreased in malignant prostate carcinoma or poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma, but TIG1 is present in benign or well-differentiated tumors. Ectopic TIG1 expression led to suppression of growth in cancer cells. However, the function of TIG1 in cell differentiation is still unknown. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we found that transmembrane protein 192 (TMEM192) interacted with TIG1. We also found that both TIG1A and TIG1B isoforms interacted and co-localized with TMEM192 in HtTA cervical cancer cells. The expression of TIG1 induced the expression of autophagy-related proteins, including Beclin-1 and LC-3B. The silencing of TMEM192 reduced the TIG1-mediated upregulation of autophagic activity. Furthermore, silencing of either TIG1 or TMEM192 led to alleviation of the upregulation of autophagy induced by all-trans retinoic acid. Our results demonstrate that the expression of TIG1 leads to cell autophagy through TMEM192. Our study also suggests that TIG1 and TMEM192 play an important role in the all-trans retinoic acid-mediated upregulation of autophagic activity.