• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 2003

The hormonal requirement suiting micropropagation of Morus alba during any season throughout the year was studied. Sprouting frequency from axillary buds of M. alba was greatly influenced by the time of explant collection, the highest value was achieved when nodal explants were collected at the end of bud dormancy period (late in March) and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with low concentration (0.5 mg/L) of BAP, kinetin or IBA (85-68%). In addition, they showed higher axillary bud sprouting on growth-regulators-free medium (49%) than others collected in autumn or winter and cultured on medium supplemented with various growth regulators (47-48%). Regardless of that period, young explants with greenish buds collected in summer exhibiting high sprouting frequency (66%) on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L kinetin and 0.5 mg/L GA3. Shoot multiplication via adventitious bud formation was achieved when the nodal explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP and 0.2 mg/L IBA. Further multiplication via nodal explants of in vitro grown shoots was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mglL BAP and 0.5 mg/L GA3. While half strength MS medium supplemented with low concentration (0.5 mg/L) of IBA, IAA or 2,4-D stimulated adventitious root formation, IBA was the best. After transfer the plantlets to the soil, acclimatization for three weeks was essential prerequisite for survival in high frequency (92%). Peroxidase activity is related to break of bud dormancy where maximum enzyme activity was detected when the lateral buds were induced to commence growth under field condition (early in spring) or in vitro.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2011

This study describes an efficient protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of two subgroups of genotype AAA bananas (Musa acuminata cv. Pei Chiao and Musa acuminata cv. Gros Michel). Instead of using suspension cells, cauliflower-like bud clumps, also known as multiple bud clumps (MBC), were induced from sucker buds on MS medium containing $N^6$-Benzylaminopurine (BA), Thidiazuron (TDZ), and Paclobutrazol (PP333). Bud slices were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens C58C1 or EHA105 that carry a plasmid containing Arabidopsis root-type ferredoxin gene (Atfd3) and a plant ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) gene, respectively. These two strains showed differences in transformation efficiency. The EHA105 strain was more sensitive in Pei Chiao, 51.3% bud slices were pflp-transformed, and 12.6% slices were Atfd3-transformed. Gros Michel was susceptible to C58C1 and the transformation efficiency is 4.4% for pflp and 13.1% for Atfd3. Additionally, gene integration of the putative pflp was confirmed by Southern blot. Resulting from the pathogen inoculation assay, we found that the pflp transgenic banana exhibited resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4. This protocol is highly advantageous to banana cultivars that have difficulties in setting up suspension cultures for the purpose of quality improvement through genetic transformation. In addition, this protocol would save at least 6 months in obtaining explants for transformation and reduce labor for weekly subculture in embryogenic cell suspension culture systems.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2020

The soybean (Glycine max L.), also known as the soya bean, is an economically important legume species. Pathogens are always major threats for soybean cultivation. Several pathogens negatively affect soybean production. The soybean is also known as a susceptible host to many viruses. Recently, we carried out systematic analyses to identify viruses infecting soybeans using soybean transcriptome data. Our screening results showed that only few soybean transcriptomes contained virus-associated sequences. In this study, we further carried out bioinformatics analyses using a soybean flower bud transcriptome for virus identification, genome assembly, and single nucleotide variations (SNVs). We assembled the genome of Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV) isolate China and revealed two SNVs. Phylogenetic analyses using three viral proteins suggested that SYCMV isolate China is closely related to SYCMV isolates from South Korea. Furthermore, we found that replication and mutation of SYCMV is relatively low, which might be associated with flower bud tissue. The most interesting finding was that SYCMV was not detected in the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line derived from the non-CMS line that was severely infected by SYCMV. In summary, in silico analyses identified SYCMV from the soybean flower bud transcriptome, and a nearly complete genome of SYCMV was successfully assembled. Our results suggest that the low level of virus replication and mutation for SYCMV might be associated with plant tissues. Moreover, we provide the first evidence that male sterility might be used to eliminate viruses in crop plants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.199-204
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• 1999

Cotyledon explants of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), a perennial medicinal plant, produced direct somatic embryos at a high frequency on MS medium without growth regulators. Cytokinin highly suppressed the somatic embryogenesis but stimulated direct fomlation of adventitious buds. BAP was more effective than kinetin for the formation of adventitious bud. IBA combination with cytokinin enhanced the frequency of adventitious bud formation. The highest frequency of adventitious bud formation were $40\%$ at 0.05 mg/l IBA and 5 mg/l BAP. Adventitious buds were mainly formed near the distal portion of cotyledon, while somatic embryos were only formed near the proximal portion of cotyledon. Adventitious buds were covered with sheath similar to axillary buds in the zygotic embryos, and then leaf-like epicotyls were developed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 1987

The phase and times on the development of dormancy bud in seedling, and those of flower organs in 2-year-old ginseng are different to those of over 2-,3-year-old plant, respectively. The growing aspects of dormancy bud in seedling were investigated from rooting stage (April, 8) to Mid-June, and those of flower organs in 2-year-old plant had done once in two days late in April after compound leaves were unfolded. Firstly, the formation of dormancy bud in seedling was begun on Mid-late in March. This is early about one month compare with those of over 2-year-old plant. Fine bud in seedling was formed between cotyledons, at W spot under young shoot. Secondly, development of flower organs in 2-year-old plant was completed from late of April to early of May after compound leaves of transplanted plant were unfolded. In tare, this is very different characteristics because plants of any other ages form the flower organs one year ago. Thirdly, flower organs of ginseng plant, over 3-year-old plant, always develop in the rhizome formed one year ago, but those of 2-year-old plant develop in apical shoot meristem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1265-1269
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of combined treatment of clove bud essential oil (CBEO) and mild heat (MH) on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto red oak leaves. Combined treatment of 0.2% CBEO with MH at $50^{\circ}C$ exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against E. coli O157:H7 among treatments, resulting in 1.45 log reduction compared with water washing treatment. In addition, inhibitory effect of the combined treatment was maintained during storage of red oak leaves at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days, showing 1.67~2.25 log reductions compared with non-treated samples. Thus, these results indicate that combined treatment with CBEO/MH can be used to ensure the microbiological safety of fresh leaf vegetables such as red oak leaves during storage.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2020

Various beneficial effects of sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki T.) including anti-oxidation, anti-bacteria and viruses, anti-allergy were widely reported previously. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and its molecular mechanisms are not clear. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts of flower bud and fruit of sweet persimmon was investigated in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Both extracts of flower bud and fruit showed strong inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced NF-κB activation. IκBα, the inhibitor of NF-κB, was increased and the expressions of NF-κB target genes, COX-2 and iNOS, were suppressed by the treatment with the extracts of flower bud and fruit. The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α were also suppressed by the extracts. In addition, the LPS-induced wnt/β-catenin pathway and its related gene expressions including cyclin D1, wnt 3a, wnt 5a were suppressed by the extracts. The extracts also showed anti-oxidant activity and suppressive effect on the LPS-induced apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that the flower bud and fruit of sweet persimmon display strong anti-inflammatory effect through inhibiting the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in the cells.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.300-303
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• 2005

A propagation for Fatsia japonica using axillary bud explants were established. Cultures were initiated from axillary bud explants on MS medium supplemented with IAA $(1,2,3\;mgl^{-1})$, 2,4-D $(1,2,3\;mgl^{-1})$ or NAA $(1,2,3\;mgl^{-1})$ in combination with BA $(0.5\;mgl^{-1})$. The maximum shoot bud formation was obtained in MS medium supplemented with $0.5\;mgl^{-1}$ BA and $2;mgl^{-1}$ IAA after 4 weeks culture. The microshoot rooted within 4 week in MS medium containing $1.0\;mgl^{-1}$ IBA.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2014

To establish the system of in vitro plant regeneration, the different explants (stem with axillary bud and stem without axillary bud) of Hylotelephium ussuriense were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog's medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA). The adventitious shoot induction was more effective in the stem with axillary bud explants than the stem without axillary bud explants, and was the best on MS medium containing 3.0 mg/L BA and 0.01 mg/L IBA. Frequency of plantlet growth was not significantly treated on MS and sucrose. Total chlorophyll contents under ventilation treatment were higher than those in control (non-ventilation). This in vitro propagation protocol will be useful for conservation and mass propagation of this endangered plant.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of rooting and bud break of single-stemmed roses (Rosa hybrida L. 'Rate Rose' and 'Teresa') as affected by axillary bud position and leaf area of cuttings derived from different growth stage of the mother shoots. In fact, both rooting and budbreak of single-stemmed roses were not influenced by growth stage of mother shoots, with showing more than 95% in all treatment related to mother shoot maturity. 'Rote Rose' required 34 days to average rooting and budbreak after cutting, whereas 'Teresa' did only 18 days to budbreak which was 9 days faster than rooting. Rooting and bud break needed more time and showed lower percent as the axillaty bud position for cuttings went down to the base of mother shoots. Especially 'Teresa' showed 12 days of delay to budbreak and 14.4% decrease in budbreak. Also, the increase in leaf area of cuttings accelerated rooting and budbreak, of which the time was shorter and the percent was higher.