• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.683-695
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• 2022

Conventional braces are often used to provide stiffness to structures; however due to buckling they cannot be used as seismic energy dissipating elements. In this study, a seismic energy dissipation device is proposed which is comprised of a bracing member and a steel hysteretic damper made of steel hexagonal plates. The hexagonal shaped designated fuse causes formation of plastic hinges under axial deformation of the brace. The main advantages of this damper compared to conventional metallic dampers and buckling-restrained braces are the stable and controlled energy dissipation capability with ease of manufacture. The mechanical behavior of the damper is formulated first and a design procedure is provided. Next, the theoretical formulation and the efficiency of the damper are verified using finite element (FE) analyses. An analytical model of the damper is established and its efficiency is further investigated by applying it to seismic retrofit of a case study structure. The seismic performance of the structure is evaluated before and after retrofit in terms of maximum interstory drift ratio, top story displacement, residual displacement, and energy dissipation of dampers. Overall, the median of maximum interstory drift ratios is reduced from 3.8% to 1.6% and the residual displacement decreased in the x-direction which corresponds to the predominant mode shape of the structure. The analysis results show that the developed damper can provide cost-effective seismic protection of structures.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.207-217
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• 2015

철골 중심 가새골조는 최소의 물량으로 건물의 횡력에 대한 저항력을 확보할 수 있는 매우 효과적인 시스템이다. 그러나 중심가새 골조는 탄성거동을 전제로 풍하중에 대한 구조시스템으로 비탄성거동을 수반하는 지진하중에 대해서는 가새 좌굴 이후의 에너지 소산능력저하와 반복하중 하에 가새 및 접합부의 취성파단 가능성이 제기된다. 그로 인해 가새의 좌굴이 최초로 발생한 층에 소성변형이 집중되어 연약층 발생에 의한 건물의 붕괴로 이어질 가능성이 높다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 기 설치된 H형 가새를 무용접 냉간성형보강재로 보강하여 휨-좌굴을 억제하고 인장력과 압축력에 동일한 강도를 확보하는 보강안에 대한 연구를 진행하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권3호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2024

Most of existing buildings in Mexico City are made of reinforced concrete (RC), however, it has been shown that they are very susceptible to narrow-band long duration ground motions. In recent years, the use of dual systems composed by Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) has increased due to its high energy dissipation capacity under reversible cyclical loads. Therefore, in this work the behavior of RC buildings with BRB is studied in order to know their performance, specifically, the energy distribution through height and response transformation factors between the RC and simplified systems are estimated. For this propose, seven RC buildings with different heights were designed according to the Mexico City Seismic Design Provisions (MCSDP), in addition, equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems were obtained. Incremental dynamic analyses on the buildings under 30 narrow-band ground motions in order to compute the relationship between normalized hysteretic energy, maximum inter-story drift and roof displacement demands were performed. The results shown that the entire structural frames participate in energy dissipation and their distribution is independent of the global ductility. The results let propose energy distribution equations through height. Finally, response transformation factors between the SDOF and multi degree of freedom (MDOF) systems were developed aimed to propose a new energy-based approach of BRB reinforced concrete buildings.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.97-104
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• 2005

The seismic behavior of framed structure with Chevron-type bucking restrained braces were investigated and their behavior factors were evaluated following the procedure proposed in ATC-19 & ATC-34. Two types of structures, building frame systems and dual systems, with 4, 8, 12, and 16 stories were designed per the IBC 2000, the AISC LRFD and the AISC/SEAOC Recommended Provisions for BRBF. Nonlinear static pushover analyses were carried out to observe the plastic hinge formation and to identify the loads and the displacements at the yield and the ultimate states. Time history analyses were also carried out to compute the permanent displacement md the dissipated hysteretic energy. According to the analysis results, the response modification factors of model structures fumed out to be larger than what is proposed in the provision in low story structures, and a little smaller in medium-story structures. The dual systems, even though designed with smaller seismic load, showed superior static and dynamic performances.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.515-530
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• 2021

In a tall reinforced concrete (RC) core wall system subjected to strong ground motions, inelastic behavior near the base as well as mid-height of the wall is possible. Generally, the formation of plastic hinge in a core wall system may lead to extensive damage and significant repairing cost. A new configuration of core structures consisting of buckling restrained braced frames (BRBFs) and RC walls is an interesting idea in tall building seismic design. This concept can be used in the plan configuration of tall core wall systems. In this study, tall buildings with different configurations of combined core systems were designed and analyzed. Nonlinear time history analysis at severe earthquake level was performed and the results were compared for different configurations. The results demonstrate that using enough BRBFs can reduce the large curvature ductility demand at the base and mid-height of RC core wall systems and also can reduce the maximum inter-story drift ratio. For a better investigation of the structural behavior, the probabilistic approach can lead to in-depth insight. Therefore, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) curves were calculated to assess the performance. Fragility curves at different limit states were then extracted and compared. Mean IDA curves demonstrate better behavior for a combined system, compared with conventional RC core wall systems. Collapse margin ratio for a RC core wall only system and RC core with enough BRBFs were almost 1.05 and 1.92 respectively. Therefore, it appears that using one RC core wall combined with enough BRBF core is an effective idea to achieve more confidence against tall building collapse and the results demonstrated the potential of the proposed system.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.147-165
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• 2023

The paper contrasts conventional seismic design with a design that incorporates buckling-restrained bracing in three-dimensional reinforced concrete buildings (BRBs). The suboptimal structures may be found using the multi-objective chimp optimization algorithm (MEN-ChOA). Given the constraints and dimensions, ChOA suffers from a slow convergence rate and tends to become stuck in local minima. Therefore, the ChOA is improved by niching and evolutionary operators to overcome the aforementioned problems. In addition, a new technique is presented to compute seismic and dead loads that include all of a structure's parts in an algorithm for three-dimensional frame design rather than only using structural elements. The performance of the constructed multi-objective model is evaluated using 12 standard multi-objective benchmarks proposed in IEEE congress on evolutionary computation. Second, MEN-ChOA is employed in constructing several reinforced concrete structures by the Mexico City building code. The variety of Pareto optimum fronts of these criteria enables a thorough performance examination of the MEN-ChOA. The results also reveal that BRB frames with comparable structural performance to conventional moment-resistant reinforced concrete framed buildings are more cost-effective when reinforced concrete building height rises. Structural performance and building cost may improve by using a nature-inspired strategy based on MEN-ChOA in structural design work.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

The 1100 foot [335 m] tall Wilshire Grand Center tower under construction in Los Angeles illustrates many key outrigger issues. The tower has a long, narrow floor plan and slender central core. Outrigger braces at three groups of levels in the tower help provide for occupant comfort during windy conditions as well as safety during earthquakes. Because outrigger systems are outside the scope of prescriptive code provisions, Performance Based Design (PBD) using Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NRHA) demonstrated acceptability to the Los Angeles building department and its peer review panel. Buckling Restrained Brace (BRB) diagonals are used at all outrigger levels to provide stable cyclic nonlinear behavior and to limit forces generated at columns, connections and core walls. Each diagonal at the lowest set of outriggers includes four individual BRBs to provide exceptional capacities. The middle outriggers have an unusual 'X-braced Vierendeel' configuration to provide clear hotel corridors. The top outriggers are pre-loaded by jacks to address long-term differential shortening between the concrete core and concrete-filled steel perimeter box columns. The outrigger connection details are complex in order to handle large forces and deformations, but were developed with contractor input to enable practical construction.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.197-207
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 죄굴이 방지된 비부착 가새가 설치된 철골조 건물의 에너지 소산능력과 지진응답에 대하여 연구하였다. 먼저 조화하중을 받는 단자유도계 구조물을 대상으로 변수분석을 수행하고 가새의 최적항복강도를 구하였다. 다자 유도계 골조구조물의 비선형 시간이력 해석을 통하여 다양한 크기와 강도를 가진 가새가 설치된 구조물의 지진응답을 분석하고, 가새의 적당한 층별 분배방법을 찾기 위하여 여러 가지 분배방법을 적용하였다. 해석결과에 따르면 일반적으로 가새의 강성이 증가함에 따라 구조물의 최대변위는 감소하였다. 그러나 구조물의 고유주기 및 하중에 따라 가새의 강성이 커짐에 따라 구조물의 최대 변위와 누적된 손상이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.525-535
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• 2019

The seismic performance of steel frames equipped with a particular type of bending dissipative braces (BDBs) having U elements, which has recently been introduced and tested by the authors, is investigated. For this purpose, two structural systems, i.e., simple and dual steel building frames, both with diagonal BDBs and different number of stories, are considered. After providing a design method of this new BDB, the detailed structural models are developed in the OpenSees platform to perform nonlinear dynamic analyses. Seismic performance factors like ductility, overstrength, response modification and deflection amplification factors are calculated using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). In addition, to assess the damage probability of the structural models, their seismic fragilities are developed. The results show high energy dissipation capacity of both structural systems while the number of U elements needed for the bracing system of each story in the moment frames are less than those in the corresponding non-moment (simple) frames. The average response modification and deflection amplification factors for both structural schemes are obtained about 8.6 and 5.4, respectively, which are slightly larger than the corresponding recommended values of ASCE for the typical buckling-restrained braces (BRBs).

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.549-558
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• 2014

내진 보강용 이력 댐퍼로 활용하기 위해 개발된 좌굴방지가새는 일본과 미국을 중심으로 활발히 연구되어 왔다. 좌굴방지가새는 일반적으로 심재와 외피 사이를 콘크리트 등으로 채워 제작된다. 좌굴방지가새에 콘크리트를 채우는 일은 습식 공정으로 제작 효율을 떨어뜨릴 수 있는 하나의 원인으로 심재와 콘크리트의 비부착 처리는 쉽지 않은 작업이다. 이를 개선하기 위해 반원형 스프링으로 심재를 횡지지하는 건식형 좌굴방지가새를 제안하였다. 건식형 좌굴방지가새를 실용화하기 위해 적절한 거동을 갖는 반원형 스프링의 형상을 해석적으로 조사하였다. 심재가 압축을 받아 고차모드로 좌굴하기 위해 필요로 하는 횡지지 강성과 강도를 이론적으로 평가하였다. 또한 실제 적용 조건을 반영하여 반원형 스프링의 실용적 소요강성와 강도를 계산하였다. 이 값을 기준으로 5가지 높이를 변수로 한 반원형 스프링의 비선형 좌굴해석을 통해 적절한 강종과 두께를 선정하였다. 끝으로 최종 선정된 반원형 스프링의 거동을 반영하여 이차원으로 모델링한 건식형 좌굴방지가새의 비선형 좌굴해석을 통해 건식형 좌굴방지가새의 좌굴강도는 반원형 스프링 사이의 거리를 좌굴 길이로 갖는 심재의 좌굴하중과 유사함을 확인하였다.