• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the nutritional value of native oriental white oak(Quercus aliena Blume) browse by Korean native goats. Oak browse were mixed with grass hay(orchardgrass 60% and red clover 40%), varing in oak browse content. Diets included 30% oak browse and 70% grass hay, 60% oak browse and 40 % grass hay, and a 100% grass hay(contro1). Oak browse diets were higher in NDF, ADF, lignin, and tannin contents, but lower in CP content than the control diet with increased oak browse levels. Gross energy levels showed no difference between the control and oak browse diets. Dry matter intake was the lowest on diet containing oak browse 60%. Digestibility for DM, cellular constituents, NDF, and ADF showed lower for oak browse diets compared to control diet(P<0.05). Oak browse diets furnished significantly lower dietary N than &d the control diet. Fecal N losses generally increased with higher levels of oak browse levels(P<0.05). Apparently digested N and retained N were lower in oak browse diets than in control diet. The higher retained N was obtained in control diet than in oak browse diets. DE and ME declined linearly as oak browse levels increased when compared to control diet(P

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.819-824
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• 2003

Effects of feeding browses on growth and meat quality of Korean native goats were investigated. Twenty eight heads of male goats were divided into four treatment groups fed diets containing oak browse, pine browse, fermented pine browse, and rice straw. Growth rate, feed intake, carcass and meat quality and blood and serum criteria were investigated. The highest average daily gain of goats was 45.3g from oak browse, and goats on pine browse gained similar to those on fermented pine browse. Daily forage intake was 197g DM for oak browse and 74g DM for fermented pine browse. Feed efficiency(g feed/g gain) of oak browse was 11.0g and that of pine browse was 15.1g. From the results of serological inspection, metabolism in body was normal with all the browses tested. Dressing percentage was 45.1~46.2% and meat percentage was 55.2~55.9% without significant differences between diets. Fat percentage of goat carcasses fed rice straw was higher than those fed pine browse or fermented pine browse which was, however, not significantly different from those on oak browse. Shear force and coking loss of goat meat on pine browse or fermented pine browse was less than those on rice straw(p〈0.05) without significant differences between other browses. Juiciness, tenderness, and flavor of the goat meat were the better(p<0.05) from the pine browse diet than from rice straw.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

Chemical composition, mineral compounds, cellular constituents, digestibility for dry matter, total digestible nutrients, and tannin constituents were investigated to evaluate feed value for oak and pine browses to use effectively browses as forest by products. The results of this study were as follows : Crude protein was 6.00∼7.89% for oak browse and 5.15∼6.06% for pine browse sampled through July to October, It gradually decreased in oak browse but not in pine browse as the growth of tree was progressed stages. Crude fat content of oak and pine browse were 1.90∼2.68% and 6.30∼6.33%. Crude fiber content was 33.3∼35.2% for oak browse and 33.7∼34.8% for pine browse and they tended to increase according to the growth stage of trees. Crude ash was 3.13∼2.78% for oak browse and 2.11 ∼1.93% for pine browse, respectively. Ca, Mg, Mn and Cu content were higher in oak browse than those in pine browse, but P, K, Na, Fe, and Zn content were similar each other. Mineral contents were decreased as the growth of tree was progressed(P<.05). Acid detergent fiber content of pine and oak browse were 47.7∼52.0% and 46.1∼48.1%, and they increased as the tree grew. Neutral detergent fiber content of pine and oak browse were 64.1∼67.9% and 65.0∼66.5%. NDF content was increased according to the tree growth in pine browse but it was the same in oak browse(P<.05). in vitro digestibility of dry matter was 51.7∼48.4% for pine browse that decreased according to the tree growth(p<.05) and 53.0∼5l.4% for oak browse. Total digestible nutrients of oak browse was 50.9∼52.4% and that of pine browse was 47.7∼51.1% which decreased as the tree grew. Oak browse showed the same relative feeding value(RFV) as pine browse, and it decreased as the growth of tree was progressed(P<.05). Tannin contents was 2.96% for oak browse, 6.27% for pine browse. Tannin contents decreased when browses were dried.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.711-718
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• 2002

In order to investigate the effect of feeding browses on the incidence of abortion in pregnant Korean native female goats, 20 pregnant does(3${\sim}$4 month) were used as experimental animal and they grouped 4 treatments with 5 heads according to experimental diets. Each group was fed pine browse, pine browse silage, fermented pine browse, or oak browse silage. Browses intake a day was 0.36kg for oak browse silage, 0.28kg for pine browse, 0.24kg for pine browse silage, and 0.14kg for fermented pine browse. Salmonella and Fungi were not found in pine browses but they were found in oak browse silage in the amount of 7.93${\times}$$10^3$ and 11.1${\times}$$10^1$ cfu/g, respectively. E. Coliwas found 11.67${\times}$$10^1$cfu/g in oak browse silage. The incidence of abortion was 60% for fermented pine browse, 40% for pine browse silage, and 20% for pine browse feeding. Abortion did not occur by feeding oak browse silage. Progesterone concentration was similar each other regardless of normal delivery or abortion at delivery day but the concentration of estradiol was higher for normal delivery, concentration of cortisol was decreased until the delivery day in normal but increased in abortion does. The results were suggested.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 1993

Browse from Quercus aliena Blume, Quercus mongolica Fisch.. Quercus serrata Thunb., Quercus acutissima Carruth., Quercus variabilies Blume, and Quercus dentata Thunb. were analyzed for crude protein (CP). crude fiber(CF). neutral detergent fiber(NDF). acid detergent fiber(ADF). cellulose. lignin, in vitro dry matter digestibility(DMD), and tannin acid equivalents(TAE). According to the chemical composition and DMD. the total digestible nutrients(TDN). digestible energy(DE), and metabolizable energy(ME) were estimated. Oak browse samples were collected from May through October from 1990 to 1992 in Mt. Kyeryong. Browse from Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus serrata contained higher levels of CP, DMD. TDN, DE. and ME. but lower levels of CF, NDF. ADF, and TAE as compared with other oak browse. Differences among seasons and years in the concentration of CP. NDF, and organic matter digestibility(0MD) were significantly appeared in all oak browse(P<0.05). The order of preference ratings of oak browse were Quercus aliena ) Quercus acutissima ) Quercus serrata ) Quercus mongollca ) Quercus variabilies ) Quercus dentata. As the results of this study, it could be considered that Quercus aliena and Quercus acutisslma were more valuable browse source than others.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 1994

Browse from oriental white oak(Quercus aliena Blume) was analysed for nutritive value and biomass estimation. The content of cmde protein was high on August and September. NDF, ADF and lignin contents were increased with progressing the seasons but IVDMD, TDN, DE and ME levels were not different from the variation of seasons. Tannin content was high on May and June. Basal stem diameter $\times$ height of tress was highly correlated with browse dry weights(r=0.80**) and the linear regression equation are the follows; Y = 8.23 + O.57X(Y = browse dry weight(g), X= basal stem diameter $\times$ height(cm)). Using the traditional cutting method, the amounts of browse was determined as 823 g dry weight per tree, while the new method by the above equation gave a similar results, i. e., 793 g dry weight per tree. The possibility of browse biomass estimation of oriental white oak by the basal stem diameter $\times$ height index was found.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.291-296
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• 1995

This study was conducted to determine the influence of alfalfa supplementation on intake, digestibility nitrogen and energy utilization in Korean native goats fed oak browse. This experiment was conducted by total collection method in laboratory, 1994. Diets included 100% oak bmwse(control), 75% oak browse+ 25% alfalfa and 50% oak browse + 50% alfalfa. Alfalfa supplemented diets were slightly higher CP(PO.O5). lignin (P<0.05) and tannin(P<0.05) contents than those control diets. Increasing levels of alfalfa supplementation, dry matter intake slightly increased, but no differences were observed in all diets. Digestibility for dry matter and cellular constituents showed higher for alfalfa supplemented diets than control diets(P<0.05), but NDF and ADF digestibility were similar for all diets. Alfalfa supplemented diets furnished higher dietary N, apparently digested N and retained N than did the control diets(P<0.05). Consumed energy slightly increased with increasing levels of alfalfa supplementation(P>0.05). DE was high(P<0.05) in alfalfa supplemented diets. but ME was similar for all diets. As above results, oak browse diets alone did not supply N and energy in excess of NRC recommended allowance for goats. Hence, goats fed oak browse with supplementation of protein sources such as alfalfa will be need to provides adequate nutrients.

• Korean Deer Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.26-35
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• 1990

Seaeonal Changes in chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD). dry matter(DM) yields and DM intake of browse(leaves of trees and shrubs) by four sika deer(Cervus nippon) bucks were studied from 1998 to 1989 under deforested slope moun

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1429-1437
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• 2003

Browse tree legume leaves from Acacia spp (A. nilotica, A. tortilis, A. polyacantha), Dichrostachys sp, Flagea villosa, Piliostigma thonningii, Harrisonia sp were evaluated for nutritive potential (chemical compositions and degradability characteristics) compared to Gliricidia sepium. Effect of tannins anti-nutritive activity on digestibility was also assessed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) tannin bioassay. Crude protein (CP), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) differed (p<0.05) between legume foliages. Mean CP, ash, NDF, ADF and ADL for fodder species tested were 158, 92, 385, 145, and 100 g/kg DM, respectively. CP ranged from 115 (P. thonningii) to 205 g/kg DM (G. sepium). Acacia spp had moderate CP values (g/kg DM) of 144 (A. nilotica), to high CP in A. tortilis (188) and A. polyacantha (194) comparable to G. sepium. The forages had relatively lower fiber compositions. A. nilotica had (p<0.05) lowest NDF, ADF and ADL (182, 68 and 44) compared to P. thonningii (619, 196 and 130) g/kg DM, respectively. Except G. sepium, all fodder species had detectable high phenolic and tannin contents greater than 5% DM, an upper beneficial level in animal feeding and nutrition. Mean total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) (or proanthocyanidins) for fodder species tested were 139, 113 and 43 mg/g DM, respectively. F. villosa had (p<0.05) lowest TP and TT of 65 and 56 mg/g DM, respectively, compared to A. nilotica (237 and 236 mg/g DM, respectively). The CT varied (p<0.05) from 6 (F. villosa) to 74 mg/g DM (Dichrostachys sp). In vitro organic matter (OM) degradability (OMD) differed (p<0.05) between fodder species. G. sepium had (p<0.05) high degradability potential compared to A. polyacantha that had (p<0.05) the lowest OMD values. Forage degradability ranked: G. sepium>A. nilotica>P. thonningi>F. villosa>Dichrostachys sp>A. tortilis>A. polyacantha. Addition of PEG resulted to (p<0.05) improvement in in vitro OM digestibility (IVD). Increase in IVD was mainly due to binding action of PEG on tannins; and represents potential nutritive values previously depressed by tannins anti-nutritive activity. Browse fodder has potential as sources of ruminal nitrogen especially for ruminants consuming low quality roughages due to high protein, lower fiber compositions and high potential digestibility. However, utilization of browse supplements in ruminants is hampered by high phenolic and tannin contents. Deactivation of tannin anti-nutritive activity, possibly by feeding tanniniferous browse with other readily available nitrogen sources to dilute tannin anti-nutritive activity could improve utilization of browse fodder supplements. Further studies are needed to assess browse fodder palatability and intake, and their effect on growth performance in ruminants.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 1998

This paper presents a KITSAT-3 image catalog browse and distribution system. The access time and easy-to-use concept of the system should be highlighted in order for satellite image users to browse and order the required images as quickly and easily as possible. In general, users want to enter their image search conditions in the simplest ways and to display the search results which can be interpreted intuitively. The KITSAT-3 image catalog browse and distribution system was developed to satisfy the users' requirements with the minimum system installation cost.