• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1022-1026
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• 2009

Cross contamination of foodborne virus via food utensils can be an important route of virus propagation. Bacteriophage MS2 was used as a surrogate for norovirus. The viability loss of bacteriophage MS2 attached to 4 kinds of metal surfaces was investigated at different temperatures and relative humidities (RH). The rate of viability loss was higher at $22^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$ and was higher at 75% RH than at 40% RH. The viability loss of the virus attached to copper or bronze surface was faster than on stainless steel or tin surface. Also the beef juice applied with the virus inoculum on the metal surfaces lowered the rate of viability loss. Although bronze was not as effective as copper in resulting the viability loss, it has been extensively used as a traditional Korean kitchen utensil and could be used more widely to decrease the viral poisoning at food processing environment and hospitals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.248-249
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• 2005

The tungsten bronze type of strontium barium niobate(SBN) thin film was synthesized by metal organic decomposion method for SBN stock solution and the SBN thin film process were deposited by spin-coating process on Pt-deposited si-wafer(100) by magnetron sputtering system. The thickness of SBN thin film was 150$\sim$200 nm and were optimized for rpm of spin-coater system. The structural variation of SBN thin film was studied by TG-DTA and XRD. The deposited SBN stock solution on annealing at $400\sim800^{\circ}C$ a pure tungsten bronze SBN phase and the corresponding average grain size about 500$\sim$1000 nm influenced by annealing temperature.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 1988

The wear resistance of P-bronze which is widely used as worm gear material was investigated. In order 1o study the effect of additional elements on the wear resistance of Pbronze, the applied load and sliding time were selected as variables, and SCM4, were used as against metal. The addition of Fe improve wear resistance, for it precipities hard Fe$_3$ P phase and the work hardening coefficients are lowered due to decreasing solubility of P. When Fe is added in conventional P-bronze, the alloy is rather sliding than forming wear debris by frictional force during wear test. Experimental results indicated that the wear mechanisms for P-bronze are mainly consisted of abrasive wear due to Beilby layer forming mechanism and adhesive wear due to thermally activated wear mechanism. Moreover, the weight loss is decreased in accordance with increasing load and time. However the rate of wear loss is decreased as the sliding time is increased.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.340-356
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• 2021

We have tried the experimental research of lost-wax casting to reconstruct Gilt-Bronze Pensive Bodhisattva; preliminary and reconstruction experiment based on ancient texts. Main object to reconstruct is Korean National Treasure No.83, Gilt-Bronze Pensive Bodhisattva (Maitreya), then we measure alloy ratio and casting method based on the scientific analysis. Other impurities were removed from the base metal components(copper : tin : lead) and their ratio was set to 95.5 : 6.5 : 3 where the ratios for tin and lead were increased by 2.5% each. The piece-mold casting method was used, and piece-mold casting experiments were carried out twice in this study but supplementary research on piece-mold casting was necessary. The microstructure was confirmed to be typical cast microstructure and the component analysis result was similar to that of the prior study. Analysis of the chemical composition is confirmed to copper, tin, lead, and zinc, and the chemical composition of the matrix was 87.8%Cu-7.5%Sn-2.7%Pb-2.1%Zn, and similar to previous experimental research. Also resulted in the detection of small impurity in Zn. Analysis of the mould revealed that the mould was fabricated by adding quartz and organic matter for structural stability, fire resistance, and air permeability. We expect that our research will contribute to provide base data for advanced researches in future.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2008

Examination of two bronze vessels supposedly from the Koryo dynasty revealed that they consist of bowls and stands that are fixed together using rivet joints made of Cu-Ag alloys. The bowls and stands were forged out of unleaded bronze alloys of approximately 22 weight % Sn before being quenched from the ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ region of the Cu-Sn phase diagram. This specific alloy and the thermo-mechanical treatment constitute two key elements of the unique technical tradition called Bangcha (방짜) that has long been established in Korea. The high Sn content ensures better casting and the thermal treatment causes the brittle ${\delta}$ phase to be avoided in forging as well as in services. The experiment on the laboratory Cu-Ag alloys of varying Ag contents suggested that the Cu-Ag system was the best choice of materials for the rivets at the time in view of their color, availability, ductility and low melting points.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2009

The purpose of metal artifacts conservation is recovering the original state of objects and preventing it from further corrosion. Four different consolidants are selected that are widely used for bronze objects conservation. This study found out the characteristics of thin film by various experiments and analysis for the bronze plates coated using each solutions. After a series of analysis, resin B and V showed good coating properties. However, the evaluation point suited to this purpose are adhesive strength, stability against yellowing and corrosion resistance. Therefore, resin B of four different consolidants could expect to get the most suitable consolidation effect for consolidation purpose.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.146-152
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• 2006

In order to analyze the characteristics of series arcs that could happen in poor connections of electrical facilities, we made an apparatus which is similar to actual situation. series arcs are generated between copper and copper, copper and bronze, copper and brass, bronze and bronze, and then oxidation growth and voltage waveform were measured. A very small vibration with constant movement is needed to grow oxidation initially, whereas oxidation growth proceeded without a vibration after a certain amount of time. At first, blue white flame was generated initially between copper and copper, and then yellow flame was generated. In case of contact between copper and copper, the length of oxidation growth was about 7.1[mm] in 90[min]. In case of contact between copper and brass, the length of oxidation growth was about 4.3[mm] in 90[min], When bronze is contacted with copper, the lengths of oxidation growth were about 1.4[mm] in 20[min] and 2.7[mm] in 40[min] respectively, and no more oxidation growth was shown after that. In case of contact between brass and brass, the length of oxidation growth was about 1.2[mm] in 90[min], so it was the smallest compared to other cases. When copper is contacted with copper, the current through the load was about 1.6[A] and the power dissipation increased from 19[W] to 31[W]. In case of oxidation growth between copper and brass, the voltage changed from 8.4[V] to 11[V]. However, the voltage drop and the power dissipation between copper and brass were small compared to oxidation growth between copper and copper. When series arcs were generated between bronze and copper, a peak was shown at the beginning of voltage increase, and 40[min] later, oxidation material was not grown any longer. When oxidation growth occurred, voltage waveform showed irregular waveforms with tiny ripples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.1 s.110
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• pp.93-104
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• 2007

This study is considered about the fabrics culture of Baekje Period by analyzing the fabrics pieces at a inner part of the It-bronze shoes found at the tomb of King Mu-ryeong in 1971 AD. The analysis methods of the fabrics pieces are a photographing of fabrics pieces surface by VMS, Digital camera(Nikon Coolpix 995) and the analysis of samples by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. It is assumed this fabrics pieces are the inner shoes, which consisted of compound woven silk at outward, some of tabby and a hemp at inward and the braids for decoration, of the gilt-bronze shoes. The features are as follows. 1. All of compound woven silk are the warp-faced compound tabby of plain fabrics and the density is various from high to low one. Compound woven silk which is attached the gilt-bronze shoes of the tomb of King Mu-ryeong weaves in high density by a thick thread. The fibers material of compound woven silk prove to be a silk by the analysis of wrap samples by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. 2. Tabby are excavated under the condition which attached on reverse side of compound woven silk. Those ran classify two types. First, the fine weaving by high density of wrap and weft. Second, the loose warp weaving with one warp and some of weft. 3. Hemp is almost ramie by SEM analysis and the density is different. Ramie which supposed to be attached Guem has the very low density. In addition to, Ramie pieces, excavated in condition and weaved finely, proved the conspicuous weaving skill in Baekje period. 4. Various kinds of braid are found and these ones classifies by fiber material and entwining way. Two types out of these are the one of silk thread, decorates the upper, middle parts of compound woven silk shoes and the other of hemp thread, decorates the lower parts.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.20
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• pp.49-60
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• 2018

Archaeological investigations carried out in the Chilgok Housing Land Development Area have identified large-scale settlements from the Bronze Age and Three Kingdoms periods. The settlement site in Dongcheon-dong, Daegu was found to include sites of pit dwellings, buildings with elevated floors, stone coffin tombs, wells, catchment basins, stone mounds, furrows, cropland, moats, and river channels. These findings offer insight into diverse aspects of settlements during the Bronze Age. This study analyzed the species of trees that produced the materials for eight wooden artifacts excavated from a Bronze-Age river channel site. The analysis identified two examples of Pinus spp., two examples of Abies spp., and four examples of Quercus sp. The three artifacts of undetermined use were made using wood from Pinus spp. and Abies spp. Among the five artifacts identified as building components, one was made from Pinus spp. and four were made from Quercus sp.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.16
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• pp.32-45
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• 2015

The bronze incense burner, discovered in Chungung-dong, Hanam, Gyeonggi-do in 1971, is a hanging incense burner dating from the Goryeo period. The incense burner was covered with a thick layer of clay. The object was in a severely deteriorated state, affected by bronze disease which resulted in extensive corrosion. Numerous cracks were present across its surface, and some parts had been broken off. To preserve and display the bronze incense burner in a stable condition, deposits of foreign material were removed from the surface, and the weakened metal was strengthened. Cracked and broken areas were reinforced using woven glass fiber, followed by the application of epoxy resin to restore the shape. To investigate the method of production, a chemical analysis was performed, and the microstructure was examined. The chemical analysis revealed that the body of the incense burner as well as the ear, loop, lid and the knob were cast in a ternary alloy of Cu-Sn-Pb. Moreover, copper nails with high copper content were used to securely join the ear to the body of the incense burner. The microstructure was mainly α-phase, and non-intermetallic inclusions composed of Cu and S were detected.