• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.94-96
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• 2000

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of enzyme(Endopower) into corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of broiler chicks. Three hundred sixty 3 day-old male broiler chicks(Ross) were divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates of 30 birds per replicate and assigned at random to each of four treatment groups for two energy levels(3100 and 2980 kcal TMEn/kg) with 0 or 0.1% Endopower in the diet. The body weight gain of birds fed the low energy diet with 0% Endopower was lower significantly than the other groups(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in feed intake and feed conversion rate among the treatments. The relative sizes(% B. wt) of the liver and leg muscle were not different significantly among the treatments. The breast muscle weights of the low energy diet birds were higher than those of the high ones, and those of the lower energy group with 0.1% Endopower were highest. The intesinal lengths(cm/B.wt) of low energy diet group without Endopower were lower than those of the others. No significant differences in the relative jejunum and ileum weights were found, but % duodenum weights of high energy group were higher than those of the low energy group. The villi of the ileum of birds fed corn-soybean diet without Endopower were shortened and thickened compared to those of the birds fed with Endopower diet regardless of energy level. The results demonstrated that dietary Endopower improved body weight gain reduced abdominal fats and developed intestinal villi. Therefore it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of Endopower improves nutritive value of corn-soybean diet in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo and in vivo antibiotic effect of crude fucoidan extracted from Hizikia fusiforme, and to investigate any possible structural changes of broiler chick's intestinal villi by the supplementation of fucoidan. Total 84 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 treatments, control and Salmonella typhimurium infection groups. The broiler chicks was infected with Salmonella typhimurium at third days, and antibiotics, fucoidan, dried Hizikia fusiforme, dried Undaria pinnatifida and yeast cell debris was respectively supplemented for each group. Each treatment had 4 chicks with three replications. Extraction yield of crude fucoidan from Hizikia fusiforme was 5.453%. Antibiotic effect of fucoidan was not detected in vitro, inhibition zone and micoorganism growth test. Weight gains of broiler chicks were tend to higher in fucoidan treatment group and yeast cell significance was not found. In in vivo test, the number of viable Salmonella typhimurium was low in the antibiotics and fucoidan treatment groups. The intestinal villi were short in the fucoidan and marine algae treatment groups. The intestinal villi were densely distributed on the large intestinal wall, but the morphology was not different among treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.683-689
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• 2017

Objective: The experiments were carried out to measure the effect of multivitamin, acidifier and Azolla on growth performance, profitability and lipid profiles of blood of broiler chickens to produce safe and cost effective broilers. Methods: In experiment 1, 240 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $D_1$ (control), $D_2$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin/liter water), $D_3$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL acidifier/liter water), $D_4$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 2 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication. In experiment 2, 150 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $T_1$ (control), $T_2$ (5% Azolla in the diet), $T_3$ (7% Azolla in the diet) and $T_4$ ($T_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 1 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication in control, and 10 chicks/replication in the remaining dietary treatment groups for 35 days. Results: In experiment 1, the highest live weight was observed in $D_4$ (p<0.05), however, feed intake was statistically similar between diets (p>0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.001) and mortality (p<0.05) were observed in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. There were no significant differences between diets for feed cost and net profit (p>0.05). However, evidently but not significantly, the highest net profit was obtained in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. In experiment 2, the highest live weight (p<0.05) and feed intake (p<0.001) were observed in $T_4$. Mortality (p<0.01), FCR (p<0.01), feed cost (p<0.05) and net profit (p<0.05) were significantly different among diets. Considering net profit, $T_2$ was the best performing dietary group followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively. The lowest lipid profiles were observed in $D_3$ followed by $D_1$, $D_4$, and $D_2$, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the lowest total cholesterol, TG, and the highest amount of high density lipoprotein were observed in $T_2$, followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively (p<0.05). Evidently but not significantly, low density lipoprotein was the highest in $T_2$ followed by $T_3$, $T_4$, and $T_1$, respectively (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, Azolla and acidifier reduced lipid profiles of broiler chickens. Considering net profit and lipid profiles, 5% Azolla may be the suitable dietary group for producing safe and profitable broilers. However, more studies are needed to confirm this study prior to suggesting using Azolla in the poultry industry.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2003

The suitability of processed cardboard(PC) as litter of broiler house was evaluated by comparing the growth performances of broiler chicks reared on the PC with those of birds reared on conventional rice hull litter(RH) as the control group. A total of 180 male broiler chick (5d old, Ross) were randomly divided into 2 groups and placed into 2 types of litter, PC and RH, with 3 replicates of 30 birds per replicate. Commercial broiler feeds and water were provided ad libitum for 5 weeks. The body weight gains of the birds reared on PC were heavier than those on RH(P<0.05). The average feed conversion rate of chicks reared on PC was appeared to be improved as compared to that of the control. The Enterobacter aerogens counts in PC were significantly rduced than those in the control litter(P<0.05), but a total number of Salmonella and E. coli were not affected by the litter materials. No difference was observed between the average moisture contents of the litters. The average mortality of the chicks reared on PC was significantly lower than that of RH(P<0.05). The results indicate that processed cardboard can substitute other conventional litter materials when the others are in short supply or expensive.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2000

Optimal conditions to utilize egg type male chicks from hatchery for cultivating yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the effects of the yeast culture on growth of broiler chicks were investigated. The protein concentration of the spent cockerel extracts was the highest when extracted for 72 hours. Optimal water volume added to the spent cockerel chicks for the extraction was 1.5 times to the cockerel chicks weight (v/w ratio). Lipid in the extracts from the spent cockerel chicks did not affect on the yeast growth. The number of yeast cultured in the SCELP2 medium containing spent cockerel extracts and 4 % sugarcane molasses was higher by 26 % than that in the YEPD medium containing 1 % yeast extract, 2 % bacto pepton and 2 % glucose. Also the number of yeast cultured in the SBYW2 medium containing SCEP2 medium containing SCELP2 and 4 % brewer's yeast waste was increased by 8 %, compared to that in the SCELP2 medium. Body weight gain of chicks fed 4 % yeast culture supplementations cultivated in the SBYW2 medium was increased at 5 weeks by 9 %, relative to no supplementation(P<0.05). The results from this study suggest that the spent cockerel chicks can be utilized as nitrogen sources to produce yeast culture for animal feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 2002

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental copper or/and zinc methionine chelates(Cu-Met or/and Zn-Met) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, serum IgG level, gizzard erosion, and the contents of Cu and Zn in liver and excreta of broiler chickens. One thousand d-old broiler chickens (Ross$^{(R)}$) were assigned to 4 treatments: control, 100 ppm Cu in methionine chelate(Cu-Met), 100 ppm Zn in methionine chelate(Zn-Met) and 100 ppm Cu plus 100 ppm Zn in methionine chelate(Cu-Zn-Met). Each treatment had five replications of 50 (25 male + 25 female) birds each. Average weight gains of chicks fed chelated Cu or/and Zn were significantly higher than that of chicks fed the control (P<0.05). Moreover, feed conversion rates of chicks were better in the chicks fed chelated Cu or/and Zn than in the chicks fed the control (P<0.05). The birds fed the chelated Cu and Zn(Cu-Zn-Met) tended to perform the best growth rate and feed conversion rate. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the dietary treatments. Serum IgG level of chicks fed Cu-Zn-Met was significantly higher than that of chicks fed the control (P<0.05). Gizzard erosion index was not significantly different among the treatments. The contents of Cu and Zn in liver were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. The excreta contents of Cu or/and Zn were significantly high in the birds fed supplementary Cu or/and Zn. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of Cu or/and Zn in methionine chelated form improved growth and feed conversion efficiency of broilers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2006

To investigate the effects of salt contents in diet and water on the growth of broiler chicks, 288 heads of Hubbards strain chicks, were fed with com-soybean meal diets containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0% salt from 1d to l4d posthatching. And 180 chicks were also supplemented with salt to their water at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 or 1.0%. Feed intake and weight gain tended to decrease as the salt levels in diets increased and those were the lowest in 4% group as 481 g and 168 g, however, mortality was the highest in 4% group as 75.0%. As for the salt levels in water, feed intake and weight gain were low as 427 g and 162 g in 1% group, while mortality was 77.8%. Salt poisoning chicks were shown with thirsty, appetite deficiency, rising impossibility, sleepiness, or convulsions, and in autopsy, were shown with ascites, hydropericardium, cardiac hypertrophy, hemorrhage of eyelid, hemorrhage of trachea, hemorrhage of intestine, etc. Conclusively, salt content above 4% in diet or 1% in water could reduce the performance in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2017

Totally, one hundred and sixty 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were fed with a diet containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg of aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)/kg$ of feed for 21 days. Body weight was lower for the $AFB_1$-treated broilers than for the control group. At 14 and 21 DPF, the broilers fed with 2.0 mg of $AFB_1/kg$ of feed weighed significantly lower than those of the other groups (p<0.05). Relative liver weights increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, and relative spleen weights were significantly high in the chicks fed with 2.0 mg of $AFB_1/kg$ of feed at 21 DPF (p<0.001). Biochemical analyses showed that total protein and albumin levels decreased significantly at 7 and 14 DPF for the chicks of the group fed with 2.0 of mg $AFB_1/kg$ of feed, compared with those fed with 0.5 and 1.0 mg of $AFB_1/kg$ of feed (p<0.05). AST and ALT levels increased significantly at 14 and 21 DPF (p<0.05), and the AST levels, particularly, increased dose-dependently (p<0.05). Histopathological analyses showed that the liver tissues of the $AFB_1$-treated chicks showed significant lesions, including hemorrhage, hepatocyte necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fatty degeneration. The severity of both hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration appeared to increase dose- and time-dependently. Similarly, hepatic fibrosis increased dose-dependently (p<0.05). The results of this study could improve our understanding of parameters used for evaluating aflatoxicosis in poultry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1657-1661
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• 2015

Newborn chicks are susceptible to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus probiotic isolated from chicken feces on heterophil phagocytosis in broiler chicks. A total of 150 newborn broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups (30 chicks per group) as follows: group 1 (normal control), given feed and water only, group 2 (positive control) given feed, water and SE infection, group 3 (L61 treated) given feed, water, SE infection followed by Lactobacillus salivarius L61 treatment, group 4 (L55 treated) given feed, water, SE infection followed by L. salivarius L55 treatment, and group 5 given feed, water, SE infection followed by L. salivarius L61 + L55 combination treatment. After SE infection, L. salivarius treatment lasted for 7 days. The results showed that L. salivarius L61 and L. salivarius L55 treatment, either alone or combination of both, increased the survival rate after SE infection, and upregulated heterophil phagocytosis and phagocytic index (PI). Conversely, chick groups treated with Lactobacillus showed lower SE recovery rate from cecal tonsils than that of the positive control group. The PI values of the chicken group with SE infection, followed by the combination of L. salivarius L61 and L. salivarius L55 were the highest as compared to either positive control or normal control group. Two Lactobacillus strains supplementation group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher PI value at 48 h than 24 h after treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1174-1179
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of post-hatch feed deprivation on yolk sac utilization andsubsequent performance of young broiler chickens (280) up to 35 days of age. The experimental treatments included access to feed at 8 h intervals after hatch, up to 48 h (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 or 48 h). Water was offered ad libitum to all the groups immediately after placement. Results indicated that chicks with access to feed immediately after hatch used up the residual yolk more quickly. Access to feed between 8-24 h post-hatch, supported faster utilization of residual yolk compared to those chicks that remained unfed for 40-48 h (p<0.05). Further, deprivation of feed up to 24 h did not alter the lipid and protein contents in residual yolk, but fasting of chicks beyond 24 h (32, 40 and 48 h) led to retention of higher lipid and lower protein content in the yolk sac (p<0.05). At 7 days of age, the weights of proventiculus and gizzard were not affected by feed deprivation up to 48 h. However, the liver, pancreas and jejunum recorded significantly (p<0.05) heavier weights in chicks that were fed during the initial 24 h period compared to delayed feeding (32-48 h). Chicks fed within 24 h after hatch gained significantly (p<0.05) higher weight at 5 weeks of age than those that received feed between 32 and 48 h. Feed deprivation for 48 h was more detrimental to growth than 24-40 h. This study revealed the significance of early posthatch feeding (<24 h) on faster utilization of yolk sac nutrients and optimum development of intestines and organs, culminating in improved weight gain (>10.5%) of broilers at 5 weeks of age.