• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1997

Sudax fodder (Sorghum sudanense ${\times}$ Sorhum vulgare) was ensiled in laboratory silos with or without 20, 30, or 40 percent broiler litter and 6 percent molasses with or without Candida yeast. The samples were analyzed for pH, lactic acid and nitrogen fractions at the start of the experiment and at 5 days interval, thereafter till 40 days. A sharp decline in pH and increase in lactic acid content was observed on fifth day of ensiling. Thereafter, the rate of pH decline decreased till 20 days and that of lactic acid increase till 25 days and the remained constant. Increasing levels of broiler litter had adverse effect on pH drop and lactic acid increase of silages. Total-N content of the silages had little variation throughout the ensiling period. A sharp decline in protein-N and increase in ammonia-N content was observed on day 5 of ensiling. Thereafter, the content of protein-N increased till 20 days and that of ammonia-N decreased till 15 days, but these changes were very small compared to that occurred during the first 5 days of ensiling. The level of broiler litter had inverse relationship with protein degradation and direct relationship with ammonia production. The yeast inoculum failed to produce any significant effect.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.189-193
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of floor heating system on housing environment and performance in broiler production. PVC heating pipes(in 25cm spacing) were covered with concrete under the litter. Floor heating system was compared with conventional direct heating system. Each treatment had two replicates of 110 birds each. Litter moisture content was significantly reduced in floor heating system than conventional direct heating system(P〈0.05). Dust concentration was higher in floor heating system because of low litter moisture content. CO$_2$concentration was 2,900ppm and 1,500ppm on the direct heating system and floor heating system, respectively at the age of 1 week. Body weight was significantly higher in floor heating system at 7 weeks of age(P〈0.05). The results of the trial show that floor heating was useful heating system for broiler production.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2019

The Korean Hanhyup broiler has commercialized native meat-type chicken. This study aimed to determine the effects of two types of litter material-sawdust and rice husk, and gender on the Korean Hanhyup broiler. Chicks (n=416) were randomly assigned in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design by type of litter material and gender. The behavior of chicken's was monitored continuously for 12 hours during the $1^{st}$ through $8^{th}$ week of age. The time spent on standing, sitting, and walking and the frequency of drinking, feeding, preening, dust bathing, flapping, and aggressive pecking, and pecking of chicken's behavior were recorded. The behavior of chickens during the starter (1 to 4 weeks) and finisher period (5 to 8 weeks) was compared to observe the changes upon maturity. Our results indicate that litter material type and gender have no effect on the behavior of chickens. However, aggressive pecking and pecking caused increment in the rice husk as compared to sawdust (P<0.05). Sawdust as litter material for bedding was found to be better than rice husk with respect to Korean Hanhyup broiler behavior.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.555-557
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• 2003

A total of 168 seven days-old Arbor Acres chicks were reared in late-autumn on 4 types of litters; sawdust, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse or wheat straw up to 49 days of age to compare the growth performance, evaluate the manureal value and Coccidial oocyst population in used litter. Sadust, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw did not differ statistically for live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and survivability (p>0.05). However, live weight and survivability tended to increase on sawdust. The highest moisture content of used litter was found in sugarcane bagasse followed by sawdust, rice husk and wheat straw (p<0.05). Rice husk contained the highest amount of of nitrogen, phosphurus and potassium followed by sawdust, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw (p<0.01). Oocyst content of all treatment groups increased suddenly up to 5 weeks of age and thereafter suddenly declined up to 7 weeks of age. Litter materials did not differ at 35 and 42 days of age for oocyst content, but significantly differed at 49 days of age (p<0.01). So, the above findings reveal that sawdust may be suitable litter followed by rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat straw in late-autumn in Bangladesh in respect of broiler growth performance.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.86-88
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to determine how broiler performance, feces and litter concentration of N can be maintained and whether NH3 gas concentration can be reduced with reducing dietary CP, adding ALUM(AL2(SO4)3.14H20) in litter and supplementing with amino acid and vitamin D in feed. The experiment was divided into a starter period(1 to 21d) and grower period(22 to 42d), each having three different CP with 90 birds per treatment of 3 replications. The CP treatments consisted of a mean CP of 23.0(control 71), 20.4 (72) and 18.0 (73) % for starter and 21.0(control 71),19.3 (72) and 17.0 (73) % for grower, respectively, but with similar amino acid levels as the control. Alum was mixed in each treatment except control treatment with 200g in kilogram litter(rice bran) weight. Results suggested that reducing CP below control in the diets fed during 3wks and 6wks slightly increased feed gain and slightly decreased feed intake and weight gain. However, there were no significant difference among treatments. Reducing CP caused NH3 gas concentration to decline by 74.8 - 80.9% when Alum was mixed in litter(P < 0.05). Litter N concentration did not show any difference(P > 0.05) among treatments. These results suggest that dietary manipulation with adding Alum in litter show for significant reducing NH3 gas concentration while maintaining acceptable Production performance from broiler.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2017

The isolation rate of Escherichia (E.) coli in poultry litter was investigated at 44 broiler farms, 20 that used fresh litter and 24 that used recycled litter. The patterns of resistance to antibiotics of the E. coli isolates were compared. In litter sampled before the rearing period, the isolation rate of E. coli was higher at farms that used fresh litter; E. coli was present in the litter in 94.5% (35 out of 37 flocks tested) of the farms that used fresh litter vs. 51.2% (21 out of 41 flocks) of the farms that used recycled litter. The susceptibility of the 93 isolates of E. coli to 13 antibiotics was studied. Before the rearing period, E. coli isolates from the farms that recycled litter showed higher resistance rates than isolates from farms that replaced litter with fresh litter. Comparing the antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates from litter sampled before and at the end of the rearing period, the antibiotic resistance rates at the end of the rearing period increased dramatically compared with rates before the rearing period.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.119-122
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• 2020

The effects of liquid potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) on the litter quality of poultry were investigated. Two-hundred-forty 0-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to two treatments with four replicated pens of 30 chickens each. Treatment liquid KMnO₄ at a rate of 50 g of liquid KMnO₄/kg of poultry litter was sprayed onto the litter surface using a small hand pump; others served as a control that was applied without liquid KMnO₄ additions. Compared with controls, the treatment liquid KMnO₄ showed no differences in pH, total nitrogen and ammonia concentration. It was concluded that liquid KMnO₄ did not significantly increase poultry litter quality. Mechanisms relating to increasing litter pH and ammonia using liquid KMnO₄ are an oxidant agent (not acid-foaming agents).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.275-279
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• 2022

This study was conducted to examine the performance of poultry production and ammonia emissions from poultry litter when the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) powder was fed to broilers and ducks. In Experiment 1, a total of 180 1-day-old broilers (Arbor acres) were allocated to two treatments with three replicates in a completely randomized design. In Experiment 2, ducks were used in the same method as in Experiment 1. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diets as control and basal diets with 1.5% Tenebrio molitor L. powder as T1. In Experiment 1, broiler production was not affected by the addition of mealworm powder (p>0.05). Ammonia from broiler litter was observed significantly different in the two treatments at 4 and 5 weeks (p<0.05); however, in other weeks ammonia measured did not show significance different (p>0.05). In Experiment 2, feeding of mealworm powder had no statistical significance on duck productivity (p>0.05). Ammonia emissions from duck litter were not statistically significant in the two treatments at 2 to 5 weeks (p>0.05); however, there was a difference at 6 weeks (p<0.05). Therefore, the addition of mealworm powder to broiler and duck diets did not only improved weight gain and feed efficiency, but also effectively reduced ammonia in poultry litter.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2011

A 5-month (May to November in 2009) monitoring program for five viral pathogens in litter, such as avian influenza virus A (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) was conducted in 62 flocks at 31 broiler farms (two flocks in each farm) in Korea in 2009. Viral pathogens were examined twice (before and at the end of the rearing period) at 31 broiler farms, and included fresh litter (n = 16) and recycled litter (n = 15) farms. Thirty-seven viruses (14 IBVs, 2 IBDVs, 9 FAdVs, and 12 CIAVs) were isolated from 75% (12/16) and 73% (11/15) of fresh litter and reused litter farms during the period, respectively, indicating no difference in viral contamination rate between farms using new and reused litter. Of these isolates, three (two CIAVs and one IBDV) were isolated from recycled litter samples collected before the rearing period at three broiler farms, whereas the others (n=34) were isolated from fresh and recycled litter samples collected at the end of the rearing period. When the performances, involving viability, body weight, and feed conversion ratio, were compared, no significant differences were found between farms using fresh and recycled litter during the period.