• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.360-372
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• 2020

The basal ganglia network has been implicated in the control of adaptive behavior, possibly by integrating motor learning and motivational processes. Both positive and negative reinforcement appear to shape our behavioral adaptation by modulating the function of the basal ganglia. Here, we examined a transgenic mouse line (G2CT) in which synaptic transmissions onto the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the basal ganglia are depressed. We found that the level of collaterals from direct pathway MSNs in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) ('bridging collaterals') was decreased in these mice, and this was accompanied by behavioral inhibition under stress. Furthermore, additional manipulations that could further decrease or restore the level of the bridging collaterals resulted in an increase in behavioral inhibition or active behavior in the G2CT mice, respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that the striatum of the basal ganglia network integrates negative emotions and controls appropriate coping responses in which the bridging collateral connections in the GPe play a critical regulatory role.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two lercanidipine hydrochloride tablets, Zanidip tablet (LG Life Sciences Ltd., Korea, reference drug) and Samchundang Lercanidipine tablet 10 mg (Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co. Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). After adding an internal standard (amlodipine maleate) to human serum, serum samples were extracted using hexan-isoamyl alcohol (100:1, v/v). Compounds were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 0.05-20 ng/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The lower limit of quantitation using 0.5 mL of serum was 0.05 ng/mL which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. Thirty healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the lercanidipine hydrochloride dose of 20 mg in a $2\;{\times}\;2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Serum concentrations of lercanidipine were monitored by an LC/MS/MS fer over a period of 24 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$ (the area under the serum concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (the maximum serum drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (the time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the serum concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters, indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for Samchundang Lercanidipine/Zanidip were log 0.9505-log 1.2258 and log 0.9987-log 1.2013, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80-log 1.25. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating Samchundang Lercanidipine tablet 10 mg and Zanidip tablet are bioequivalent.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.339-344
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• 2003

Atenolol is a water soluble, ${\beta}_1$ selective adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of angina and hypertension. It is primarily eliminated renally with minimal hepatic metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of Samchundang Atenolol (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Korea.) to Tenolmin(Hyundai Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Korea). The atenolol release from the two atenolol tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method with various different kinds of dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four normal male volunteers, 22.83$\pm$1.99 years in age and 65.82$\pm$7.15 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 50 mg of atenolol was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of atenolol in serum were determined using HPLC method with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two atenolol tablets were very similar at all dissolution media. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two tablets based on the Tenolmin were 3.74％, 4.38％ and 17.77％, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two tablets in these parameters. The 90％ confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log(0.8) to log(1.25) (e.g., log(0.98)∼log(1.l1) and log(0.95)∼log(1.l5) for $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$ respectively), indicating that Samchundang Atenolol tablet is bioequivalent to Tenolmin tablet.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2008

Gabapentin, [1-(aminomethyl) cyclohexaneacetic acid], a structural analog of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is being developed for the treatment of epilepsy. Unlike GABA, gabapentin crosses the blood-brain barrier after systemic administration. Gabapentin is an effective antiepileptic drug in patients with partial and secondarily generalized seizures who are uncontrolled with use of existing anticonvulsant drug therapy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two gabapentin 400 mg capsules, $Neurontin^{(R)}$ capsule 400 mg (Pfizer Inc.) and Gabatin capsule 400 mg (Korean Drug Co. Ltd), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of gabapentin from the two gabapentin formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty six healthy male subjects, 23.58$\pm$1.50 years in age and 66.74$\pm$8.31 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2$\times$2 cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 400 mg as gabapentin were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of gabapentin in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Neurontin^{(R)}$ capsule 400 mg, were 2.04, -3.68 and 16.79% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.91$\sim$log 1.16 and log 0.87$\sim$log 1.11 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Gabatin capsule 400 mg was bioequivalent to $Neurontin^{(R)}$ capsule 400 mg.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.241-252
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• 2022

이 연구는 안장의 형태와 지연된 치령의 연관성을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 16세 미만 389명의 치령을 Demirjian 방법으로 평가하였고, 치령에서 연대 연령을 뺀 Age discrepancy (AD)를 계산하였다. 측방두부계측 방사선 사진 상 안장 형태에 따라 8가지로 분류하고 Sella turcica bridging (STB) 정도를 수치화하기 위해 Interclinoid distance를 안장의 길이로 나눈 Bridging ratio를 기준으로 4가지로 분류하였다. Kruskal Wallis 검정과 Mann Whitney 검정을 이용하여 8군과 4군에서 각각 AD의 유의성을 확인하였다. 일부 안장 형태 이상 군에서 정상보다 낮은 AD를 보였고 정상 안장 형태군과의 AD의 차이는 4 - 5개월에서 1년 3개월로 다양했다. STB 정도가 심해질수록, AD는 감소하였다. 정상 STB군과 경미한 STB군의 AD 차이는 7개월이고, 중등도 이상의 STB군에서는 1세 이상 치령이 지연되었다. 성별에 따른 안장 형태와 STB 정도는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이 연구를 통해 일부 안장 형태 이상과 STB가 지연된 치령과 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. 안장의 형태는 지연된 치령을 예측하는 보조적 수단으로 사용될 수 있다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

Purpose - This research aims to examine the influence of social capital formed on SNS on SNS users' life satisfaction. This research divides social capital into bridging and bonding social capital based on Social Capital Theory and suggests that each type of social capital will have a positive impact on SNS users' life satisfaction. In addition, this research suggests the self-construal of SNS users as a moderating variable based on Self-Construal Theory. Research design, data, and methodology - To test the hypotheses presented, an online survey was conducted with adult participants. An online research company was hired to conduct an online survey; survey participants were volunteer adult participants residing in Korea. And data was analyzed using SPSS. Results - Analysis results showed that the impact of bonding social capital on life satisfaction was not statistically different between SNS users of differing self-construals(independent vs. interdependent self-construal). However, this study also determined that the impact of bridging social capital on life satisfaction was greater for SNS users with an interdependent self-construal as opposed to those with an independent self-construal. Conclusions - The results of this study expand the scope of available research on social capital formed on SNS and provide practical implications for SNS providers.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2005

Acebrophylline is a compound produced by salifying ambroxol with theophylline-7 -acetic acid. After acebrophylline administration, the salt splits into these two components which feature a peculiar pharmacokinetic behavior, an adequate ambroxol and a low theophylline-7-acetic acid serum levels. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two acebrophylline capsules, Surfolase (Hyundai Pharm. lnd. Co., Ltd.) and Burophil (Kuhnil Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of ambroxol from the two acebrophylline formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty eight healthy male subjects, $23.25{\pm}1.43$ years in age and $64.82{\pm}6.77$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two capsules containing 100 mg as acebrophylline were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ambroxol in serum were determined using HPLC with electrochemical detector (ECD). The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug Surfolase, were -1.64, -3.33 and -0.92% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 $(e.g., \;log\;0.93{\sim}log\;1.05\;and\;log\;0.88{\sim}log\;1.05$ for $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Burophil capsule was bioequivalent to Surfolase capsule.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.112-119
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• 2008

최근 홈 네트워크 기술에 대한 관심도가 높아지면서 가정 내 장치들의 통신 방법에 대한 표준이 절실히 요구되고 있다. IEEE 802.1 AVB (Audio/Video Bridging)는 이더넷을 이용해 이러한 가정 내장치들 사이에 실시간성 데이타들을 전송하는 방법을 규정하고 있다. 하지만 IEEE 802.1 AVB는 IEEE 1588 PTP(Precision Time Protocol)와 같이 시간을 동기화 하기위해 다수의 컨트를 메시지를 이용하고 있어 복잡한 처리과정과 이로 인한 전송 지연의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 단일 타임싱크 프레임을 이용하여 시간을 동기화하는 방법을 제안한다. 단일 타임싱크 프레임을 이용한 방법은 여러 메시지 형태의 프레임을 이용하지 않고 단일 프레임을 이용하여 모든 동작이 가능한 범위의 동기식 이더넷의 전자기기들 사이에서의 통신에 적합한 처리 복잡도와 낮은 전송 지연을 제공한다. 나아가 단일 타임싱크 프레임을 이용한 시간 동기 방법에 실시간성 데이타 전송을 보장하는 대역폭 예약 방법 및 전송 방법에 대한 연구가 연계되어 진행되어야 한다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.411-416
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the SNPs on PEPT1 exon 5 and 16 and to analyze haplotype frequency on PEPT1 exon 5 and 16 in Korean population. A total of 519 healthy subjects was genotyped for PEPT1, using pyrosequencing analysis and polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tests. Haplotype was statistically inferred using an algorithm based on the expectation-maximization (EM). PEPT1 exon 5 G381A genotyping revealed that the frequency for homozygous wild-type (G/G), heterozygous (G/A) and homozygous mutant-type (A/A) was 30.4, 53.4 and 16.2%, respectively. PEPT1 exon 16 G1287C genotyping revealed that the frequency for homozygous G/G, heterozygous G/C and homozygous C/C type was 88.8, 10.0 and 1.2%, respectively. Based on these genotype data, haplotype analysis between PEPT1 exon 5 G381A and exon 16 G1287C using HapAnalyzer and PL-EM has proceeded. The result has revealed that linkage disequilibrium between alleles is not obvious (|D'|=0.3667).

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.371-379
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• 2015

청소년들의 삶의 만족도가 매우 낮은 상황에서 SNS 이용 증가로 인한 사회적 관계 형성은 중요해지고 있다는 인식 하에서 본 연구는 SNS를 통해 형성된 교량적 사회적 자본과 결속적 사회적 자본, 실질적 정치사회 참여가 청소년들의 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 했다. 이를 위해 한국청소년정책연구원이 2012년 실시한 2012년 청소년의 소셜미디어 이용실태 데이터 중 주요변수에 모두 응답한 4,708명의 자료를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 연구결과 여학생에 비해서 남학생의 삶의 만족이 높고, SNS를 통해 형성된 교량적 사회적 자본과 결속적 사회적 자본, 정치사회참여의 수준이 높을수록 삶의 만족이 증가했으며, 세 변수들의 상대적 영향력은 결속적 사회적 자본, 정치사회참여, 교량적 사회적 자본의 순으로 더 큰 영향력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 청소년의 삶의 만족도를 증가시키기 위한 논의가 이루어졌다.