• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.193-198
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• 1978

Test-bricks were prepared from an artifically graded Ham Kang sand and a commercial CaO and autoclaved for 6 hours at $16 kg/cm^2$ pressure $(203^{\circ}C)$. Bricks were tested for compressive strength, free lime, saluble silica and amount of water absorption. Physical properties of bricks were very much depended on the size distribution of sand particle and the amount of soluble silica in bricks.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.165-186
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• 2007

With the advent of a wide variety of Internet shopping malls, consumers can choose a best appealing shopping mall from among the Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Player malls. Pure-Players launched their operation grandiosely with the early stage of Internet use in 1995. However, after the burst of Dot-com company bubbles in 1997, Pure-Players introduce various types of business models to meet potential needs of consumers. While Pure-Players suffer skeptical views from market analysts as well as consumers, traditional offline companies learned important lessons from Dot-com companies collapse phenomena, and expanded their business channels into online in the name of Bricks-and-Clicks. Nowadays, Bricks-and-Clicks successfully establish in the market as one of reliable business partners among consumers. Therefore, it is no surprise that recent competitions between Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players become fiercer than ever to attract potential customers to their websites. In this situation, consumers can choose a shopping mall to their best satisfaction. Consumers can enjoy both offline and online options for shopping because Bricks-and Clicks provide both offline and online channels to consumers, which is compared with Pure-Players offering only online channel. Offline channel is unique in providing consumers with chances to touch and feel target products and services. Meanwhile, online channel is considered very viable and convenient shopping options for consumers. In this respect, it is easily assumed that consumers will show different online shopping behavior when they have to choose either Bricks-and-Clicks mall or Pure-Player mall for the sake of shopping. Remaining research issue in this case is how much consumers' schema would influence online shopping behavior between Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. Basically, schema is a framework for synthetic information recognition that individual consumers have and is very characteristic in that it focuses not on fragmentary facts but on the combination of various causes affecting results. Consumers' schema is closely represented by trust, structural assurance, and perceived relative advantage towards a specific type of shopping mall. In literature, there exist a lot of studies comparing Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. However, there is no study to pursue the analysis of consumer behaviors comparing Bricks-and Clicks and Pure-Players from the schema perspective. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this research gap. Empirical analysis is adopted by garnering valid questionnaires from 514 Internet shopping mall users. 237 were mainly using Bricks-and-Clicks for shopping, while 277 were found to visit Pure-Players for shopping. PLS was applied to analyze the survey data to verify the proposed research hypotheses. Findings from the empirical test results are as follows. First, consumers perceive more trust and relative advantage in Pure-Players, comparing with Bricks-and-Clicks. This result is against widely-accepted perception that Bricks-and-Clicks would be perceived by consumers as more trustworthy and relatively advantageous because they have offline reputation and stores. Therefore, it becomes more obvious that Internet is becoming daily necessaries, and consumers increasingly feel very comfortable in using the Internet for their own personal purposes. Second, consumers have firm faith in transaction safety, regardless Bricks-and-Clicks and Pure-Players. This seems due to the fact that most of shopping malls showing dubious transaction safety have no place in the market. In a nutshell, empirical results tell us that Pure-Players will grow very much in the future, to the extent that consumers perceive no difference in comparison with Bricks-and-Clicks. Besides, consumers' schema accumulated through trust and perceived relative advantage plays crucial role in determining consumer behavior.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.407-422
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• 2018

The study evaluates properties of brick having coal ash and explores the possibility of utilization of coal bottom ash and coal fly ash as an alternative raw material in the production of coal ash bricks. Lower cement content was used in the investigations to attain appropriate strength and prohibit high carbon content that is cause of environmental pollution. The samples use up to 7% of cement whereas sand was replaced with bottom ash. Bricks were tested for compressive strength, modulus of rupture, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), water absorption and durability. The results showed mix proportions of bottom ash, fly ash and cement as 1:1:0.15 i.e., M-15 achieved optimum values. The coal ash bricks were well bonded with mortar and could be feasible alternative to conventional bricks thus can contribute towards sustainable development.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.674-680
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• 2022

In the present study, radiation shielding and protection ability of prepared Flyash-lime-Gypsum (FaLG) bricks has been studied in terms of energy exposure build up factors and dose parameters. The energy exposure build up factors of Flyash-lime-Gypsum (FaLG) bricks have been calculated for the energy range of 0.015 MeV-15 MeV and for penetration depth upto 40 mfp directly using a new and simplified Piecewise Linear Spline Interpolation Method (PLSIM). In this new method, the calculations of G.P fitting parameters are not required. The verification and accuracy of this new method has been checked by comparing the results of exposure build up factor for NBS concrete calculated using present method with the results obtained by using G.P fitting method. Further, the relative dose distribution and reduced exposure dose rate for various radioactive isotopes without any shielding material and with Flyash-lime-Gypsum (FaLG) bricks have been calculated in the energy range of 59.59-1332 keV. On the basis of the obtained results, it has been reported that the prepared Flyash-lime-Gypsum (FaLG) bricks possess satisfactory radiation shielding properties and can be used as environmentally safe storage facilities for low level nuclear waste.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.287-298
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• 2014

This study investigates the material properties of the traditional bricks used in the royal tomb of King Muryeong. Compressive strengths, thermal conductivities, absorptance and the rate of residual moisture are measured by non-destructive experiments. Compressive strength of the traditional bricks is estimated by using the ultrasonic wave velocity and the absorptance. Based on the experimental results, the predicted compressive strengths using the ultrasonic wave velocity are unsuitable for the traditional bricks due to the rough surface and thickness variation of the specimens. The strengths using the absorptance are more suitable than those using the velocity because the predicted average strengths (28.69 MPa ~ 33.19 MPa) are close to building materials like normal strength concrete. In addition, the methods using the absorptance are not influenced by surface and thickness conditions of the specimens. The average thermal conductivities of the bricks measured by using Mathis TCi are close to those of soils (1.58 W/mK). The absorptance and the rate of residual moisture of the bricks are 1.6 % ~ 15 %, 0 % ~ 0.7 %, respectively.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.395-407
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• 2014

In this study, firing temperature of bricks from the Songsanri tomb complex is interpreted based on the mineralogical and physical changes of soil samples fired at different temperature. When soil samples were burned at 500 to $1,200^{\circ}C$, phase transition of clay minerals affected the mineralogical composition and microstructure, which leaded to alteration of physical features as color, water absorption and porosity. Mineralogical composition can be assumed to vary with the temperature by mineral phase stability, however, color, water absorption, porosity and microstructure had slow change under $1,000^{\circ}C$, and had rapid change from 1,000 to $1,200^{\circ}C$. Upon the mineral and physical alteration of soil, firing temperature of bricks from the Songsanri tomb complex were estimated. Some bricks were over fired at temperature more than $1,200^{\circ}C$, some high-burned bricks were fired from 1,100 to $1,200^{\circ}C$, some bricks were fired by 900 to $1,000^{\circ}C$ and some bricks ere assumed not to be fired. Henceforward mineralogical and physical study can be applied to interpretate more precise firing temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.29-35
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• 2013

The research is to verify by experiments whether the steel truss structure is able to withstand the load of cement bricks of upper part of a door for the safe use of lightweight steel truss structure instead of concrete lintel which is to be installed at upper part of door frame in building cement bricks for apartment construction. The steel truss is designed in order not to disturb bricks-building and the shape of structure was verified by bending test. According to experiments result, camber was applied to steel structure that enabled construction work to be improved and was proved effective for the prevention of accidents by cement bricks-building load test.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.6 no.1 s.19
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• pp.123-130
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• 2006

After the new house symptoms recently, room environment pollution problem of building syndrome and so on is becoming research about ways to solve this being risen. Is taking advantage of nature data by building materials by one of this way, but Friendly Environmental performance examination for structure material is insufficient misgovernment being real condition that put emphasis in ability as most embellishment and in finish. Environmental examination is insufficient misgovernment on factor itself as structure material. Also, being real condition that radon that is responsible for lung cancer occurrence next to smoke in building materials such as concrete and so on is happened, the danger is reported much through mass communications and research paper etc. Therefore, this research measured radon release amount and the carbon dioxide adsorption rate for physical special quality measuring and Friendly Environment Efficiency that follow to 'KS F 4004 Concrete bricks' regulation after manufacture Concrete Bricks utilizing charcoal that is nature material by sand. This study finding carbon dioxide density appeared and displayed effect that charcoal Controls radon release that happen in Concrete Bricks to maximum 74% that decrease to best 95% though decreased the charcoal addition rate increases.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1997

The effects of Cr2O3 content on the properties of direct-bonded MgO-Cr2O3 bricks were investigated in the range of 10 to 30 wt% of Cr2O3. Modulus of rupture of bricks was excellent in about 20 wt% of Cr2O3 content. The corrosion resistance of bricks was improved by increasing Cr2O3 content and was directly pro-portional to the amount of secondary spinels. On the other hand, the spalling resistance of bricks depended on the amount of flux rather than Cr2O3 content.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.759-766
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• 1994

The effect of additives on properties of unfired Al2O3-C bricks were investigated. The increase of carbon content and the addition of MgO or spinel improved the resistances against spalling and corrosion of unfired Al2O3-C bricks. Also, the oxidation resistance of unfired Al2O3-C brick was increased by adopting complex metals of Al and Si in spite of the increase of carbon content.