• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to find out whether changed interactions due to reformatting has a significant effect on the play attribute of children's play from an instrumental point of view. Based on the study of Roser Caillois theory of play (Agon, Mimicry, Area, Ilinx) and previous studies, a questionnaire was written and experimental design was carried out through brick stack which are most preferred in the whole development of children. Brick stack were selected from physical and electronic spaces and the survey was conducted with children's experiences by dividing into experimental group and comparative group. Correlation and T-test results, the brick stack by reformating showed significant difference in the play attributes (Agon, Mimicry, Area, Ilinx) of Rose Caillois and we found that the effectiveness of play is doubled in the electronic space. Play properties evenly distributed in electronic space brick stacking suggest that pleasure and fun can double.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.365-371
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• 2007

인터넷 쇼핑 시장의 확산과 함께 소비자들은 이전보다 더욱 다양한 형태의 인터넷 쇼핑몰을 접할 수 있게 되었다. 따라서, 소비자들은 다양한 쇼핑몰의 선택의 기로에 서게 된 반면, 인터넷 쇼핑몰 업체의 입장에서는 고객의 유지가 매우 중요하다. 특히, 오프라인 기반을 갖춘 Brick & Clicks 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 경우에는 오프라인 고객을 온라인상에서도 그대로 유지하길 바랄 것이다. 그러나, 실제로는 많은 고객들이 오프라인 쇼핑몰과 온라인 쇼핑몰을 동일하게 이용하는 Brick & Clicks 쇼핑몰을 선택보다는 인터넷 상의 순수한 Pure-play 쇼핑몰을 선택하기도 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 소비자가 Brick & Clicks 인터넷 쇼핑몰이나 Pure-play 인터넷 쇼핑몰을 선택하는 행동에 대해 스키마 관점에서 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 인터넷 쇼핑몰에 대한 스키마 형성에 신뢰, 구조적 확신, 관계혜택이 영향을 준다고 보고, 총 514여명의 인터넷 쇼핑몰 사용자를 대상으로 실증분석을 하고 결과를 도출하였다. 분석결과 Pure-play 인터넷 쇼핑몰이 고객에게 더 높은 평가를 받는 것으로 나타나 Brick & Clicks 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 특화가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.1175-1184
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• 2007

Brick toys, once regarded as one of the most basic formative equipments, have succeeded in increasing user base and more experiments have been made to link with a variety of areas in a creative way. However, previous studies on brick were limited to its role as a tool of play and education, which resulted in relatively less number of studies on endless possibility and variability. In this regard, this study examined what made bricks evolve in the unique and advanced form and how it has developed in detail. This study presented information on the basis of theories regarding fundamental features and characteristics of brick and analyzes actual cases in a systematic way. Finally, VR design based on 3D-brick system was implemented.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.79-93
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop the creative play environments for children. Physical environment is very important for play of child. Play activities of chad depends on materials and resources of physical environment around housing. To achieve the purpose of the study, following research questions are performed: 1) to investigating the play environments and its maintainence in Daejon 2) examining and analyzing the contents, safety, and functions of the playgrounds selected based on above findings 3) suggesting the creating play environments for child. Eighteen playground were selected and evaluated objectively by trainned personnel; the subjects(55children and 39adults) who used the playgrounds evaluated the playground subjectively. The results were as fellows: 1) Playgrounds selected in this study were conventional playgrounds, in which child can only do simple physical activities. The playground has installed fixed equipment in a row, in an effort to utilize whatever space available. However, such places are neither developmentally or economically sound. 2) The playgrounds evaluated in this study were very poor in matter of content, safety, and functions. The playgrounds lacks play materials, equipment, national features, storage, and do not follow national safety guidelines and standards. 3) The playground should offer much wider variety of natural material- textures including grass, dirt, stone, brick, plastic, metal, bark, leaves, sand, water, and a larger variety of plants, gardens, natural areas, and animals.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.65-80
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to investigate into the meaning of the New Brutalism sensed in the late church buildings of the Swedish architect Sigurd Lewerentz (1885-1975). St Mark's (1956-64) and St Peter's (1962-66) churches, his grand finale designs, have a unique architectural vocabulary of rough brickwork. The brick treatment is the basis on which Reyner Banham (1966) discussed him concerning the New Brutalism, and the point that this research focuses on. This paper explores the brutalist character of the buildings from two aspects - interpretational level of individual buildings and historical level of a broader view. First, the character of two churches could be interpreted with the phrase of 'play between brutality and sacredness'. The rough surface of brick and mortar in the buildings symbolises brutality and the vault of their chapels' ceiling sacredness. And the two characteristics meet and play on the rough vault surface. Second, in the historical point of view, this paper argues that the buildings made a giant leap for Swedish modern architecture, which had been at a deadlock owing to the compromising attitude of the New Empiricism since 1940s. And the Swedish New Empiricism (or the New Humanism), spread to Britain as "Welfare State architecture" after World War II, brought about reaction of the young British architects such as the Smithsons and became the background that made the new brutalist mood. However, considering that the term of the New Brutalism was first used in Sweden by Hans Asplund, Lewerentz's brutalist late churches - which seemingly had nothing to do with the British nor the Corbusian lineage - are also meaningful in that they confirmed the tendency in its homeland. In conclusion, this paper argues that St Mark's and St Peter's churches with the brutalist characteristics should be regarded as crucial buildings not only in Lewerentz's personal career but also in Swedish and international architectural history.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.33-40
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• 2022

Recently, cultural heritages in South Korea gain many interests of restoration and preservation from the government since many of that have been severely damaged during earthquakes. Many previous studies in both terms of experimental and analytical approaches have been done to examine structural behavior and decide appropriate methods of preservation. Being motivated by such researches, this research aims to investigate a religious stone pagoda dated back to the Goryeo Dynasty in Korea. The structure consists of a granite stone foundation and baked bricks, which resembles the shape of traditional pagodas. In order to examine the structural behavior of the pagoda, an analytical model is implemented using ANSYS, a comprehensive engineering simulation platform. For the time history analysis of the pagoda, several earthquake excitations are chosen and input to simulation modeling. Seismic response of the tower such as time domain, natural frequency, modal shapes and peak acceleration measured at each layer are presented and discussed. In addition, the amplification ratio of the tower is calculated from the accelerations of each layer to determine tower stability in accordance with Korean seismic design guide. The determination and evaluation of status and response of the brick tower by simulation analysis play an important role in the preservation of history as well as valuable architectural heritages in South Korea.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.32-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is create a comparative analysis of the characteristics of various materials which were used on the outer wall of F.L.Wright's works. The research results will be summarized as follows: 1) Wright thought that the outer wall was not just a physical object which divides the space of a house but it includes the image of the total exterior form, as well as, the economical factors of the age. 2) He tried to sublimate architectural image of his own style with the change of time because he recognized difficulties and limitations of traditional materials and economic feasibility. 3) He used nature-friendly material like wood and brick which were used in various methods of his natural architectural concept. 4) Some of Wright's early works were acculturated by classical architectural components such as the column to emphasize verticality of architectural form. The columns play a division role in the face of the outer wall creating a dynamic image and this also controls the amount of light that enters inside the house.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1270-1279
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• 2011

Bealmijang is a short-term aged paste made from meju, which is a brick of fermented soybeans and other ingredients. Different types of bealmijang are available depending on the geographic region or ingredients used. However, no study has clarified the microbial diversity of these types. We identified 17 and 14 fungal species from black soybean meju (BSM) and buckwheat meju (BWM), respectively, on the basis of morphology, culture characteristics, and internal transcribed spacer and ${\beta}$-tubulin gene sequencing. In both meju, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium polonicum, P. steckii, Cladosporium tenuissimum, C. cladosporioides, C. uredinicola, and yeast species Pichia burtonii were commonly found. Moreover, A. flavus, A. niger, P. crustosum, P. citrinum, Eurotium niveoglaucum, Absidia corymbifera, Setomelanomma holmii, Cladosporium spp. and unclassified species were identified from BSM. A. clavatus, Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus, P. brevicompactum, Davidiella tassiana, and Cladosporium spp. were isolated from BWM. Fast growing Zygomycetous fungi is considered important for the early stage of meju fermentation, and A. oryae and A. niger might play a pivotal role in meju fermentation owing to their excellent enzyme productive activities. It is supposed that Penicillium sp. and Pichia burtonii could contribute to the flavor of the final food products. Identification of this fungal diversity will be useful for understanding the microbiota that participate in meju fermentation, and these fungal isolates can be utilized in the fermented foods and biotechnology industries.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.291-316
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• 1993

Restorative procedures can lead to tooth fracture due to the relatively small amount of the remaining tooth structure. It is essential to prevent fractures by having a clear concept of the designs for cavity preparations. Among the several parameters in cavity designs, profound understanding of isthmus width factor would facilitate selection of the appropriate cavity preparation for a specific clinical situation. In this study, MO amalgam cavity were prepared on maxillary first premolar and filled with amalgam. Three dimensional, model with 1365 8-node brick elements was made by serial photographic method. In this model, isthmus was varied in width at 1/4, 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of intercuspal width and material properties were given for three element groups, i.e., enamel, dentin and amalgam. A load of 500 N was applied vertically on amalgam and enamel. In case of enamel loading, 2 model (with and without amalgam) was compared to consider the possibility of play at the interface between tooth material and amalgam. These models were analyzed with three dimensional finite element method. The results were as follows: 1. The stress was concentrated on the facio-pulpal line angle and distal marginal ridge of the cavity. 2. With the increase of the isthmus width, the stress spread around the facio-pulpal line angle and the area of stress concentration moved toward the proximal box. 3. In case of narrow isthmus width, the initiation point of crack would be in the area of isthmus corner of the cavity, and with the increase of the isthmus width, it would move toward the proximal box and at the same time the possibility of crack increase at the distal marginal ridge. 4. The direction of crack progressed outward and downward from the facio-pulpal line angle, and with the increase of the isthmus width, it approximated vertical direction. At the marginal ridge, it occurred in vertical direction. 5. It would be favorable to make the isthmus width narrower than a third of the intercuspal width, and to cover the cusp if isthmus width were wider than half of the intercuspal width. 6. It is necessary to apply the possibility of play to the finite element analysis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.345-371
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• 1994

Restorative procedures can lead to weakening tooth due to reduction and alteraton of tooth structure. It is essential to prevent fractures to conserve tooth. Among the several parameters in cavity designs, cavity isthmus and depth are very important. In this study, MO amalgam cavity was prepared on maxillary first premolar. Three dimensional. finite element models were made by serial photographic method and cavity depth(1.7mm, 2.4mm) and isthmus (11 4, 1/3, 1/2 of intercuspal distance) were varied. linear, eight and six-nodal, isoparametric brick elements were used for the three dimensional finite element model. The periodontal ligament and alveolar bone surrounding the tooth were excluded in these models. Three types model(B, G and R model) were developed. B model was assumed perfect bonding between the restoration and cavity wall. Both compressive and tensile forces were distributed directly to the adjacent regions. G model(Gap Distance: 0.000001mm) was assumed the possibility of play at the interface simulated the lack of real bonding between the amalgam and cavity wall (enamel and dentin). When compression occurred along the interface, the forces were transferred to the adjacent regions. However, tensile forces perpendicular to the interface were excluded. R model was assumed non-connection between the restoration and cavity wall. No force was transferred to the adjacent regions. A load of 500N was applied vertically at the first node from the lingual slope of the buccal cusp tip. This study analysed the displacement, von Mises stress, 1 and 2 direction normal stress and strain with FEM software ABAQUS Version 5.2 and hardware IRIS 4D/310 VGX Work-station. The results were as follows: 1. G model showed stress and strain patterns between Band R model. 2. B model and G model showed the bending phenomenon in the displacement. 3. R model showed the greatest amount of the displacement of the buccal cusp followed by G and B model in descending order. G model showed the greatest amount of the displacement of the lingual cusp followed by B and R model in descending order. 4. B model showed no change of the displacement as increasing depth and width of the cavity. G and R model showed greater displacement of the buccal cusp as increasing depth and width of the cavity, but no change in the displacement of the lingual cusp. 5. As increasing of the width of the cavity, stress and strain were not changed in B model. Stress and strain were increased on the distal marginal ridge and buccopulpal line angle in G and R model. The possibility of the tooth fracture was increased. 6. As increasing of the depth of the cavity, stress and strain were not changed in B and G model. Stress and strain were increased on the distal marginal ridge and buccopulpal line angle in R model. The possibility of the tooth fracture was increased.