• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1996

Effects of group breeding of herons on pine community were studied at Pomaeri, in Yangyang, Kangwon Province, Korea. This site has been protected as a Natural Monument (No. 229) since 1970. Herons have used this habitat as a breeding site from] anuary to October every year. In 1995, more than 500 herons were observed in this habitat. Many big pine trees are dying or already dead due to group inhabitation of herons, and no pine saplings were found at forest floor in this habitat. Nutrient contents of soil in this habitat were much higher than those in control plot. This must be due to the addition of feces from herons and of thin twigs and other organic materials from the canopy and bird nests. Species composition of herb layer in this habitat was quite different from that in control plot. Breeding site was dominated by Humulus japonicus. Persiearia perJohata, Persicaria thunbergii. and Commelina communis. which are indicator species of soil eutrophication.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect bird community in Tokyusan National Park. The survey was carried over 2 main trail districts by line transect method at 20, February and 22, July in 1993. The observed birds were belong to 5 orders 17 families 34 species, they also have Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus, Kestrel Falco tinunnculus(natural monument no. 323), White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos(R) and Japanese Waxwing Bombycilla japonica(R). It is estimated that grass region above 1,000m altitude provided breeding habitats for Gray-headed Bunting Emberiza fucata in summer and wintering habitats for Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa in winter, This shows that this region should be protected for inhabitation of these birds. Mujukucheontong valley of Tokyusan National Park, which had been a good habitat for valley-inhabituating birds before twenty years ago, has a lower species richness by increasing using density, and so this valley shoud be properly managed urgently.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.320-324
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate abundance of breeding birds in relation to forest environment, to figure out the influential factors in abundance of breeding birds and to get the basic data for effective management of the bird community in Jirisan National Park. For this purpose, this research selected 4 main hiking trails as survey points and conducted a survey on breeding bird species and forest environment from April to August in 2007. The study results are as follows: The number of the birds observed during the breeding season was 33 species at the elevation of 300 meters to 1,900 meters. This research made a regression analysis of 13 bird species appearing at more than 30% of all surveyed points, species richness, and richness in the number of individuals. As a result of making a simple and multiple regression analysis of the factors, among the forest environment factors, that have an effect on richness in bird species, each species was found to be less influenced by an elevation. In addition, this analysis revealed that among the forest environment factors, coverage of tree-1 layer(>12m), tree height, coverage of shrub layer(2${\sim}$0.5m), slope, coverage of subtree-2 layer(4${\sim}$2m) appeared as more influential ones on the variation of abundance in more species than an elevation itself. That explains why it is necessary to continuously maintain and manage the coverage of tree-1 layer(>12m), tree height, coverage of shrub layer(2${\sim}$0.5m), slope, and coverage of subtree-2 layer$(4{\sim}2m)$, etc. for the preservation and management of bird species in a breeding season at Jirisan National Park.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.353-353
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• 1996

이 연구는 1988년 5월 초순부터 6월 중순까지 일본 북해도 대학 토마코마이 연습림에서 산림시업에 의한 산림구조가 다른 두 지역에서 산림환경구조와 번식조류군집과의 관계를 밝히기 위하여 이루어졌다. 조사지간의 차이를 밝히기 위한 정량적인 서식지분석과 조류군집을 평가하기 위한 세력권 도시법과 길드분석을 하였다. 우점수종은 신갈나무, 일본목련, 산벚나무, 고로쇠나무 등이었다. 임층의 피도는 상중층은 비간벌지가, 하층은 간벌지가 높았다. 조사지에서 34종의 조류가 관찰되었고 21종이 세력권을 확보하였다. 황금새, 산솔새, 박새, 섬참새, 동고비, 쇠박새가 우점종이었다. 조사지간에 번식조류의 종수는 동일하였으나 조류군집구성은 달랐다. 수동영소길드 조류 종수와 쌍수는 비간벌지에 많았으나, 지면영소길드 조류는 간벌지에서 많았다. 그리구 수관층영소길드는 조사지간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러므로 적정한 간벌과 같은 산림시업은 모든 산림조류에 부적당한 것이 아니고 관목, 지면 영소길드와 나무와 관목, 지면채이길드에 유리한 것으로 생각되었다. 또 산림시업이 수동과 수관영소길드에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of bird community and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect bird community in Mt. Paldal, Suwon City. The survey was carried out by line transect method from March 1992 to February 1993, and from October 1998 to August 1999. Twenty-seven birds were recorded, and these birds were also classified into 14 species for residents, 8 species fur summer visitors, 4 species for winter visitors and 1 species fur passage migrant in 1992. Twenty-one birds were recorded, and these birds were also belonged to 16 species fur residents, 2 species fur summer visitors, 2 species for winter visitors and 1 species for passage migrant in 1999. In 1992, seasonal change of number of species and individuals showed a typical pattern of temperate deciduous forests, however, seasonal pattern in 1999 was somewhat differed from that of temperate deciduous forest. According to data of migration habits of bird community in same months, percentage of residents were higher in 1999 and that of summer visitors were higher in 1992. In guild analysis of breeding bird community, bush-nesting and foraging guild that utilize the bush layer as nest and food resources showed the decreasing number of species and individuals, also summer visitors did the same decreasing trends from 1983. Therefore, it should be suggest that protection of bush layer for inhabitation of bush-nesting and foraging guild and summer visitors, and it will be considered that construction of green net-work among urban forests such as Mt. Kwanggyo, Mt. Chilbo, Mt. Paldal, Mt. Sukgi and Mt Yeogi in Suwon City.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.471-480
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of breeding bird community in relation to altitude and vegetation in Jirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 4 study sites by point counts method to figure out habitat environment and breeding bird community from March to August in 2006. The study results are summarized as follows: Total 32 species were recorded, and 27 species and density of 37.31 ea/ha in low altitude mixed forest, 23 species and 34.99 ea/ha in low altitude deciduous forest, 18 species and 23.95 ea/ha in high altitude mixed forest, 19 species and 20.21 ea/ha in high altitude deciduous forest, respectively. Eleven species were observed only in the low altitude sites, 4 species were observed only in the high altitude sites. Number of species and density were high in the low altitude sites, and they were high in the mixed forests. In nesting guild analysis, the low altitude sites are similarly found species number of three types but canopy nesting species in the high altitude sites are advent less. In foraging guild analysis, the species number of canopy foraging appeared most highly in all study sites. In the difference analysis of each species density. Four species which are showed the difference in the low altitude sites, owing to vegetation. Long-tailed Tit(Aegithalos caudatus) and Great tit(Parus major) are difference because of difference in volume of canopy layer, and Coal Tit(Parus ater) was difference because of coniferous forest preference quality. Four species(Hazel Grouse, Winter Wren, Pale Thrush, Yellow-throated Bunting) which are showed the difference of the density in the high altitude sites because of thick growth of the bush layer. Ten species which are showed the difference in study sites, owing to altitude. Oriental Cuckoo(Cuculus saturatus), Winter Wren(Troglodytes troglodytes), Siberian Blue Robin(Luscinia cyane), Arctic Warbler(Phylloscopus borealis), Coal Tit(Parus ater), and Yellow-throated Bunting(Emberiza elegans) appeared highly in the high altitude sites, Pale Thrush(Turdus pallidus), Long-taild Tit(Aegithalos caudatus), Varied Tit(Parus varius), and Eurasian Nuthatch(Sitta europaea) appeared highly in the low altitude sites. It seems that bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer total coverage volume do influences on the breeding bird community, because the bush layer was thick growth, and canopy layer coverage volume was difference. It would be needed the management and maintenance of bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer with multi-layer structure to increase foliage height diversity and total coverage volume for the protection and management of bird community in Jirisan National Park.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.279-283
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• 2009

This study was conducted to clarify the breeding bird communities between natural and fired forests in Verchneussuriisky Research Forest ($44^{\circ}$ 02' N, $134^{\circ}$ 10' E) Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Science at Ussuri, Russia from 7 to 11 June 2008. Total 37 species of birds were recorded in both study sites. Luscinia cyane, Urosphena squameiceps, and Emberiza tristrami were most dominant species. In natural forest, 115 individuals of 32 species were observed and bird species diversity (H') was 3.13. Sixty two individuals of 29 species were recorded and bird species diversity was 3.12 in fired forest. Bush and Canopy nesting guilds were higher in natural forest than in fired forest. But hole nesting guild was higher in fired forest. In foraging guilds, canopy foraging guild was most dominant in both study site. Air and bush foraging guilds were higher in natural forest. The differences of bird communities would be caused by differences of habitat conditions between study sites.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2005

This study was conducted to reveal tree species preference and inter-specific difference of foraging behavior among four canopy-dwelling birds at forest dominated by Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldian and Carpinus cordata at 1,000 meters above sea level during breeding season of birds from 1995 to 1997 in Mt. Jumbongsan. Breeding birds were about 25 species and dominant birds were Erithacus cyane, Parus ater and Parus palustris. A relatively high number of bush-nesters can be a characteristic of breeding bird community at study area. Three gleaners (Tits, P. varius, P. palustris and P. ater) selectively preferred the trees irrespective of dominant tree species, whereas bark foragers (Nuthatch, Sitta europaea) utilized the dominant trees. The four birds showed significant inter-specific difference in use of foraging location, but the three tits did not show significant inter-specific difference in use of foraging maneuver and trees. Closely related tits may coexist with each other by inter-specific different use of foraging location determined by foliage structure and leaf arrangement.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2015

We have conducted a verification test of correlation between bird community indices and bird sound recording results in order to use the equipment which deals with the automatic sound collecting system, the song meter. The study areas include four sites which are Gombaeryoung and Zochimryoung in Jeombongsan Mountain and Jookryoung and Gochiryoung in Sobaeksan National Park. We collected the bird sound data five times using a sound recorder and field survey results in the same place of the study site. As a result of the sound recording from the field survey, the species recorded by three researchers of sound analyst include common resident species or species which have a relatively conspicuous call and song. On the contrary, the species recorded by only one researcher are a relatively rare or inconspicuous species or was familiar with the personal experiences of each researcher. The number of species recorded by only one researcher totaled fourteen species (36.8 %), and that of two researchers totaled twelve species (31.6 %), and that of three researchers totaled twelve species (31.6 %). The correlations of the number of species among three researchers was not significant in some results, but the sum or maximum count of the number of species was useful to estimate a significant correlation between the result of researchers and the indices of field surveys. As a result of correlation analysis by using sound recordings, the maximum number of species among the three researchers significantly correlated with the number of species, the species diversity index and the species abundance index in the field survey at the same site, however it did not correlate with the number of individuals and species evenness index. As a result of sound analysis collected from the stationary sound recording system; song meter, the number of frequencies in bird songs and calls correlated with the number of species in the field survey at the same site. The number of calls and songs decreased as time went by. Finally, we could test the active time range and change the activity strength by using a sound recording system. In particular, that sound recording system is able to collect data in same time and site, so it is expected so that the equipment not only replenish a shortage of researchers and survey periods in field research in a short term monitoring survey, but also be able to acquire statistical objectivity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.15-27
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• 2020

This study was carried out four times on 2005 and 2006, respectively May and October to understand the bird community and habitat using condition in the Daegu Bulnogoboon Jayeon Madang (DBJM). In this study, 34 species and 332 individuals were observed. The dominant species were Passer montanus 22.0%, Pica pica 18.1%, Hypsipetes amaurotis 6.02% and Sinosuthora webbiana 5.72%, and the species diversity was 2.797. With migration, the highest number and percentage to the lowest was residents 61.7%, summer visitors 26.5% and winter visitors 11.8%. Among 24 species which bred(check or possibility) in the DBJM, canopy was 50.0%, hole was 37.5% and bush was 12.5% in their nesting guilds. In foraging guilds in breeding season was canopy was 58.1%, water was 19.3% and bush was 16.1%, and in non-breeding season, canopy was 54.8%, water 22.6% and bush 19.3%. For the habitats of the birds in the DBJM, wetlands including reservoir area were used by herons, ducks and Hirundo rustica, grassland area was used by Sinosuthora webbiana, buntings and Passer montanus, and forest area was used by Streptopelia orientalis, woodpeckers, Hypsipetes amaurotis and tits. The number of species and individuals of birds observed in the DBJM was higher than other urban parks. We suggest that this was attributed to various man-made habitats such as wetland with reservoir, grassland and forest area constructed in the DBJM.