• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.184-195
• /
• 2022

Objective: In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and associated bacteria in beef cattle. Methods: This work comprised of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro fermentation was conducted by incubating 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125%, and 0.15% active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ADY) with total mixed ration substrate to determine its dose effect. According to in vitro results, 0.1% ADY inclusion level was assigned in in vivo study for continuously monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbes. Six ruminally cannulated steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (Control and ADY supplementation) as two-period crossover design (30-day). Blood samples were harvested before-feeding and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-feeding on 30 d. Results: After 24 h in vitro fermentation, pH and gas production were increased at 0.1% ADY where ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein also displayed lowest and peak values, respectively. Acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations heightened with increasing ADY doses and plateaued at high levels, while acetate to propionate ratio was decreased accordingly. In in vivo study, ruminal pH was increased with ADY supplementation that also elevated acetate and propionate. Conversely, ADY reduced lactate level by dampening Streptococcus bovis and inducing greater Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii populations involved in lactate utilization. The serum urea nitrogen decreased, whereas glucose, albumin and total protein concentrations were increased with ADY supplementation. Conclusion: The results demonstrated dietary ADY improved ruminal fermentation dose-dependently. The ruminal lactate reduction through modification of lactate metabolic bacteria could be an important reason for rumen pH stabilization induced by ADY. ADY supplementation offered a complementary probiotics strategy in improving gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle, potentially resulted from optimized rumen pH and fermentation.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.36 no.12
• /
• pp.1806-1820
• /
• 2023

Objective: The present study was aimed primarily for estimating various genetic parameters (heritability, genetic correlations) of reproduction (age at first calving [AFC], first service period [FSP]); production (first lactation milk, solid-not fat, and fat yield) and lifetime traits (lifetime milk yield, productive life [PL], herd life [HL]) in Tharparkar cattle to check the association of reproduction traits with lifetime traits through two different methods (Frequentist and Bayesian) for comparative purpose. Methods: Animal breeding data of Tharparkar cattle (n = 964) collected from Livestock farm unit of ICAR-NDRI Karnal for the period 1990 through 2019 were analyzed using a Frequentist least squares maximum likelihood method (LSML; Harvey, 1990) and a multi-trait Bayesian-Gibbs sampler approach (MTGSAM) for genetic correlations estimation of all the traits. Estimated breeding values of sires was obtained by BLUP and Bayesian analysis for the production traits. Results: Heritability estimates of most of the traits were medium to high with the LSML (0.20±0.44 to 0.49±0.71) and Bayesian approach (0.24±0.009 to 0.61±0.017), respectively. However, more reliable estimates were obtained using the Bayesian technique. A higher heritability estimate was obtained for AFC (0.61±0.017) followed by first lactation fat yield, first lactation solid-not fat yield, FSP, first lactation milk yield (FLMY), PL (0.60±0.013, 0.60±0.006, 0.57±0.024, 0.57±0.020, 0.42±0.025); while a lower estimate for HL (0.38±0.034) by MTGSAM approach. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were negative for AFC-PL, AFC-HL, FSP-PL, and FSP-HL (-0.59±0.19, -0.59±0.24, -0.38±0.101 and -0.34±0.076) by the multi-trait Bayesian analysis. Conclusion: Breed and traits of economic importance are important for selection decisions to ensure genetic gain in cattle breeding programs. Favourable genetic and phenotypic correlations of AFC with production and lifetime traits compared to that of FSP indicated better scope of AFC for indirect selection of life-time traits at an early age. This also indicated that the present Tharparkar cattle herd had sufficient genetic diversity through the selection of AFC for the improvement of first lactation production and lifetime traits.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.330-330
• /
• 2017

The tallest culm length was observed in Geonganghongmi cultivar grown in coast area, and culm length was always taller in coast area than that of inland area among these three red rice cultivars. However, number of tiller per rice plant was not affected by different cultural area. Number of spikelets per panicle was much more increased in inland area. Regional difference in number of spikelets per panicle was only observed in Jeongjinju cultivar. Among these red rice cultivars, the highest brown rice yield was Jeongjinju rice cultivar having 702kg in inland area and 692kg in coast area, respectively. The $L^*$ values, which expresses the brightness, were in the range of 36.3 ~ 36.7, 36.7 ~ 37.0, and 38.7 ~ 39.6 in Jeogjinju, Hongjinju, Geonganghongmi rice cultivars, respectively. The $a^*$ values, which expresses the redness positively and greenness negatively were in the range of 12.3 ~ 12.8, 12.2 ~ 12.3, and 12.1 ~ 11.9 in Jeogjinju, Hongjinju, Geonganghongmi rice cultivars, respectively. In addition, the b values, which expresses the yellowness positively and blueness negatively were in the range of 13.8 ~ 14.0, 13.6 ~ 13.5, and 14.9 ~ 14.7 in Jeogjinju, Hongjinju, Geonganghongmi rice cultivars, respectively. Anthocyanidin content ranged 524 to $610{\mu}g/g$ dry weight basis. Cyanidin content was 11.4 to 14.0 times higher than that of delphinidin under coast and inland area. Among these rice cultivars, anthocyanidin content was always higher in rice cultivar grown at coast area. Highest head brown rice rate was only observed in Geonganghongmi to 95.2 at coast area and 95.4 inland area, respectively. Protein content was always higher in coast area than that of inland area. The lowest protein content was measured in Jeogjinju and amylose content was relatively increased in inland area compared to that of coast area. Consequently, in considered with brown rice yield and pigment content, Hongjinju rice cultivar was recommended in optimal pigment rice cultivar in eastern coast of Gyeongsangbuk-do Province.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.231-237
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the breeding values for economic traits in Korean native chicken on the basis of 11,583 birds of record along 7 generations collected from 1995 to 2001 at National Livestock Research Institute, Korea. The results obtained are summarized as follows : The breeding value estimates of the body weights at 150 and 270 days in Dark Brown, Light Brown, Gray Brown, Black and White strains were $-16.563\~0.474\;and\;-18.836\~21.700,\;-14.714\~9.272\;and\;-23.025\~11.297,\; -25.186\~12.953\;and\;-28.368\~18.156,\;-15.549\~6.329\;and\;-18.264\~4.963,\;-10.708\~20.284\; and\;-25.112\~10.132g$, respectively. The breeding value estimates of the ages at first egg in Dark Brown, Light Brown, Gray Brown, Black and White strains were $-1.236\~0.047,\;-1.509\~0.298,\;-1.362\~0.114,\;-1.436\~0.199\;and\;-1.385\~0.718$, respectively. The breeding value estimates of the egg weight at first egg and at 270 days were $-0.105\~0.075\;and\;-0.120\~0.398,\;-0.109\~0.042\;and\;-0.205\~0.173,\;-0.166\~0.084\;and\;-0.256\~0.091,\;-0.119\~0.066\;and\;-0.051\~0.132,\;-0.112\~0.027\;and\;-0.070\~0.101g$, respectively. The breeding value estimates of the egg Production to 270 days in Dark Brown, Light Brown, Gray Brown, Black and White strains were $0.298\~l.807,\;-0.049\~l.146,\;-0.396\~l.125,\;-1.206\~l.173\;and\;-0.474\~2.641$, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.51 no.spc1
• /
• pp.304-309
• /
• 2006

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to develop a rapid and nondestructive method for the determination of fatty acid composition in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed oil. A total of ninety-three samples of intact seeds were scanned in the reflectance mode of a scanning monochromator, and reference values for fatty acid composition were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Calibration equations were developed using modified partial least square regression with internal cross validation (n=63). The equations obtained had low standard errors of cross-validation and moderate $R^2$ (coefficient of determination in calibration). Prediction of an external validation set (n=30) showed significant correlation between reference values and NIRS estimated values based on the SEP (standard error of prediction), $r^2$ (coefficient of determination in prediction) and the ratio of standard deviation (SD) of reference data to SEP. The models developed in this study had relatively higher values (more than 2.0) of SD/SEP(C) for oleic and linoleic acid, having good correlation between reference and NIRS estimate. The results indicated that NIRS, a nondestructive screening method could be used to rapidly determine fatty acid composition in sesame seeds in the breeding programs for high quality sesame oil.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.213-217
• /
• 2006

The increase of human activities has been extensively changed the breeding habitats of birds directly or indirectly, where the reproductive success of the birds has been seriously reduced. Leisure activities on water, such as fishing, influenced the breeding biology of waterfowls. However, few researches have been done for this in Korea. We examined the effects of fishing activity on nest selection and density of four waterfowl species at Namyang Lake: Coot (Fulica atra), Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), Little Grebe (Podiceps ruficollis), and Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus). We divided the Namyang Lake into three study areas. Except for the number of anglers, there were no significant differences among the three study areas in the kinds of avian predators, the water depth around study areas measured for possible territorial predatory mammals' passing over, and the values of Relative Importance Percentage of occupying plants. The results showed that waterfowls bred in Namyang Lake preferred the areas with few anglers for the nests. From this study, we recommend that leisure activities including fishing should be prohibited or restricted during the breeding periods of waterfowls for the stable breeding success and that further systematic researches and managements for the species are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.737-743
• /
• 2014

This experiment was conducted to compare heterogeneity for the variance in dairy cattle population and to induce homogeneity of variance using 502,228 performance test records of dairy cattle. The estimates of heritability for milk yields, fat yields and protein yields were 0.28, 0.26 and 0.24, respectively and the estimate of average breeding value by birth year was lower in HV (heterogenous variance) model than in animal model, collectively. The average breeding values of milk yields, fat yields and protein yields for 545 sire bulls applicable to the criteria of interbull MACE programme were 453.54kg, 10.75kg and 14.33kg, respectively and when the heterogeneity was adjusted they were 432.06kg, 10.15kg and 13.40kg, respectively, which were lower in all milk traits collectively. In animal model, coefficients of phenotypic correlation between dataset I and II were 0.839 in milk yields, 0.821 in fat yields, and 0.837 in protein yields, while in HV model, they were 0.841 in milk yields, 0.820 in fat yields, and 0.836 in protein yields, showing similar results in 2 models. When compared using animal model and HV model, the regression coefficient for ratio of number of daughters by calving year of milk yields increased from 15.157 to 16.105 and that of fat yields increased from =0.227 to =0.196, but that of protein yields decreased from 0.630 to 0.586.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.34 no.7
• /
• pp.1123-1133
• /
• 2021

Objective: Shandong indigenous pig breeds are important Chinese pig resources. Their progressive population decline in recent decades has attracted attention towards their conservation. Conservation genetics of these indigenous breeds are essential for developing a conservation and utilization scheme. Methods: A high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (HD-SNP) chip-based comparative analysis of genetic characteristics was performed for seven Shandong indigenous pig breeds in the context of five Western commercial breeds. Results: The results showed that Shandong indigenous pig breeds varied greatly in genetic diversity, effective population size, inbreeding level, and genetic distance with the Western commercial breeds. Specifically, Laiwu and Dapulian displayed low genetic diversity, and had a genetically distant relationship with the Western commercial breeds (average F statistics [F_ST] value of 0.3226 and 0.2666, respectively). Contrastingly, the other five breeds (Yantai, Licha, Yimeng, Wulain, and Heigai) displayed high genetic diversity within breed and had some extent of mixture pattern with the Western commercial breeds, especially Duroc and Landrace (F_ST values from 0.1043 to 0.2536). Furthermore, intensive gene flow was discovered among the seven Shandong indigenous breeds, particularly Wulian, Licha, and Heigai, as indicated by the large cluster formed in the principal component analysis scatterplot and small population differentiation (average of 0.1253) among them. Conclusion: Our study advances the understanding of genetic characteristics of Shandong indigenous breeds and provides essential information for developing an appropriate conservation and utilization scheme for these breeds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.9
• /
• pp.1216-1222
• /
• 2012

Somatic cells count (SCC), milk yield (MY) and pedigree information of 2,791 first lactation cows that calved between 1990 and 2010 on 259 Thai farms were used to estimate genetic parameters and trends for SCC and its genetic association with MY. The SCC were log-transformed (lnSCC) to make them normally distributed. An average information-restricted maximum likelihood procedure was used to estimate variance components. A bivariate animal model that considered herd-yr-season, calving age, and regression additive genetic group as fixed effects, and animal and residual as random effects was used for genetic evaluation. Heritability estimates were 0.12 (SE = 0.19) for lnSCC, and 0.31 (SE = 0.06) for MY. The genetic correlation estimate between lnSCC and MY was 0.26 (SE = 0.59). Mean yearly estimated breeding values during the last 20 years increased for SCC (49.02 cells/ml/yr, SE = 26.81 cells/ml/yr; p = 0.08), but not for MY (0.37 kg/yr, SE = 0.87 kg/yr; p = 0.68). Sire average breeding values for SCC and MY were higher than those of cows and dams (p<0.01). Heritability estimates for lnSCC and MY and their low but positive genetic correlation suggested that selection for low SCC may be feasible in this population as it is in other populations of dairy cows. Thus, selection for high MY and low SCC should be encouraged in Thai dairy improvement programs to increase profitability by improving both cow health and milk yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.11
• /
• pp.1551-1557
• /
• 2015

The missing heritability has been a major problem in the analysis of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). We introduced the traditional genome-wide association study (GWAS) into the BLUP to improve the heritability estimation. We analyzed eight pork quality traits of the Berkshire breeds using GWAS and BLUP. GWAS detects the putative quantitative trait loci regions given traits. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained using GWAS results with p value <0.01. BLUP analyzed with significant SNPs was much more accurate than that with total genotyped SNPs in terms of narrow-sense heritability. It implies that genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of pork quality traits can be calculated by BLUP via GWAS. The GWAS model was the linear regression using PLINK and BLUP model was the G-BLUP and SNP-GBLUP. The SNP-GBLUP uses SNP-SNP relationship matrix. The BLUP analysis using preprocessing of GWAS can be one of the possible alternatives of solving the missing heritability problem and it can provide alternative BLUP method which can find more accurate GEBVs.