• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2021

Extensive studies have shown that breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants, especially during the first six months, because it fulfills almost all of their nutritional needs. Among the many functional building blocks in breast milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been receiving more attention recently. Furthermore, it is the third most common group of compounds in human milk, and studies have demonstrated the health benefits it provides for infants, including improved nutritional status. HMOs were previously known as the 'bifidus factor' due to their 'bifidogenic' or prebiotic effects, which enabled the nourishment of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Healthy gastrointestinal microbiota are intestinal health substrates that increase nutrient absorption and reduce the incidence of diarrhea. In addition, HMOs, directly and indirectly, protect infants against infections and strengthen their immune system, leading to a positive energy balance and promoting normal growth. Non-modifiable factors, such as genetics, and modifiable factors (e.g., maternal health, diet, nutritional status, environment) can influence the HMO profile. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of how HMOs can contribute to the prevention and treatment of nutritional issues during exclusive breastfeeding.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.1152-1157
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• 2008

목적: 우리나라는 조제분유가 시판된 후, 상승 추세에 있기는 하지만 아직 비교적 낮은 모유수유율을 나타내고 있다. 이에 대한소아과학회는 모유수유에 대한 올바른 정보를 일반인들에게 제공하고 자라나는 어린이의 건강을 증진시키는데 앞장서기 위해 홈페이지에 온라인 모유수유 상담실을 운영하였고, 상담 내용을 분석하여 모유수유 중 실제로 부딪히는 문제점을 알고자 하였다. 방 법: 2004년 8월 1일부터 2007년 7월 31일까지 대한소아과학회 모유수유 상담실(www.pediatrics.or.kr)에 방문한 1001명의 질문자가 게재한 1021개의 문의건수를 후향적으로 검토하였다. 질문종류는 대 항목 3개와 소 항목 14개로 구분하였으며, 질문 답변에 대한 조회수 100회 이상의 관심질문에 대하여 분석하였다. 2004년 8월 1일부터 2007년 7월 31일까지 전체적으로 분석하였고, 2004년 8월 1일부터 2005년 7월 31일까지를 1차 연구기간으로 2005년 8월 1일부터 2007년 7월 31일까지를 2차 연구기간으로 각각 구분하여 비교하였다. 결 과: 총 1021건의 질문 중 대 항목 별 분석으로는 모유수유방법 413건(40.3%), 수유모 문제점 315건 (30.8%), 수유 아기 문제점 293건 (28.8%)로 모유수유방법에 대한 내용이 가장 많았다. 모유수유방법 중에는 수유방법(62%)에 대한 질문이 가장 많았고, 수유모 문제점에서는 모유량(27%), 수유 아기 문제점에서는 아기의 대소변(46%)에 대한 질문이 가장 많은 분포를 나타냈다. 소 항목 별 분석으로는 수유방법(22.2%), 아기의 대소변(13.1%), 모유량(8.5%)의 순으로 수유방법에 대한 질문이 가장 많았다. 맞벌이 부부의 증가로 직장 여성이 증가함에 따라 직장복귀 후 모유수유에 대한 질문이 1차 연구에 비해 2차 연구에서 2배 이상 증가하였다. 결 론: 지난 3년간의 상담 사례 분석을 통해 향후 상담실 운영의 토대를 마련하여 모유수유에 대한 관심 증가와 수유모의 궁금증 해결에 많은 도움이 된 것으로 사료된다. 맞벌이 부부와 직장여성의 증가와 같은 사회적 환경 변화에도 불구하고 모유수유에 대한 관심은 증가되고 있어서 향후 올바른 모유수유 문화 정착을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2006

목 적 : 모유수유 기간, 우유병 사용 기간, 생우유를 처음 먹인 시기 및 양을 조사하여 빈혈과의 관련을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 8월 1일부터 2005년 7월 31일까지 전주예수병원에 입원한 12개월에서 36개월 환아 930명을 대상으로 빈혈검사 및 설문지를 통해 전향적으로 연구하였다. 결 과 : 빈혈이 발생하는 연령은 30-36개월에서 많이 발생하였으나, 철분결핍성 빈혈은 18-23개월에서 많이 발생하였다. 모유수유 기간이 12개월 이상과 6개월 미만 순으로 빈혈이 많고, 혈청 ferritin이 낮고 철분결핍성 빈혈이 많았다. 우유병 사용 기간과 빈혈, 혈청 ferritin, 철분결핍성 빈혈은 차이가 없었다. 생우유를 먹고 난 후에 부작용은 변비, 설사, 피부발진 순으로 나타났다. 생우유를 처음 먹인 시기와 빈혈, 혈청 ferritin, 철분결핍성 빈혈은 차이가 없었다. 하루에 생우유를 먹인 양과 빈혈, 혈청 ferritin, 철분결핍성 빈혈은 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 생우유와 우유병 사용 기간과 철분결핍은 관계가 없었으며, 모유수유 기간이 12개월 이상과 6개월 이하 순으로 철분결핍이 많았기 때문에, 철분결핍성 빈혈을 예방하기 위해서는, 적절한 모유수유가 중요한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.468-475
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was evaluate the perception on the relationship between feeding and atopic dermatitis of infants. The results are summarized as follows:. The feeding method of atopic dermatitis infant was composed of breast feeding 26.9%, bottle feeding 50.9%, and mixed feeding 22.2%. 95.3% of the subjects recognized mother's meal during breast feeding were transmitted to infant, but 30.8% of breast feeding restricted their foods. Weaning food was recognized as a nutritional supplement primarily. 61.5% of the subjects perceived the relation between food and atopic dermatitis and 58.8% of the subject perceived atopic dermatitis infants will be cured by growing. 39.9% of the subjects answered that special food developed and made worse atopic dermatitis in their infants. Egg, mackerel, milk, pork, chicken scored high as doubtful food related with atopic dermatitis. It is necessary to find out the food that develop atopic dermatitis symtoms and make guidelines for diet therapy for the infants with atopic dermatitis.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2020

This study aimed to evaluate dietary behaviors and food allergy status of preschool children in Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju Metropolitan city. The survey included 592 preschool children aged 1-5 years old in 31 childcare facilities. General characteristics, feeding type, complementary feeding, food allergy, dietary behaviors based on the NQ-P questionnaire, and dietary habits of their family were considered. Exclusively breast-fed children was 32.2% of the subjects and the breast feeding duration was 6.5 months. Subjects who had complementary feeding within 6 months was 77.2% and starting time of complementary feeding was 6.1 months. Fifteen percent of the subjects had food allergies and foods that induced allergy were instant foods, eggs, milk and dairy products, nuts, seafood. Food allergy was not related to breast feeding nor complementary feeding. The NQ-P score and its 3 factors including 'balance', 'moderation', and 'environment' were 59.9, 61.1, 56.0, 62.6, respectively. There were positive relations between children's dietary behaviors and family dietary habits such as breakfast eating frequency and meal regularity. As age of children increased, instant food intake increased and breakfast eating frequency decreased. Proper nutrition education is needed to children, their parents, and their care givers at childcare facilities to improve children's dietary behavior and health.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.288-301
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• 2003

In order to obtain baseline data for the development of an educational program on breastfeeding, a survey was carried out to investigate infant feeding practices, the characteristics the subjects have in common, and the factors that influence the feeding methods among women in Seoul and the Chungbuk area. Subjects included 671 lactating mothers who visited public health centers or pediatric clinics between December 1999 and February 2000, and were interviewed using a questionnaire. The results were as follows : With respect to feeding methods, the incidence of breastfeeding, formula feeding, mixed feeding and formula feeding switched from breastfeeding was 20.6%, 29.8%, 11.6%, and 38.0%, respectively. With respect to the characteristics the subjects had in common, the incidence of women who planned their infants' feeding methods before pregnancy, during pregancy, and after delivery was 48.7%, 31.0％, and 20.3%, respectively. The incidence of women who started breastfeeding in the hospital after delivery was 38.8％. About seventy seven percet of the subjects had not previously attended an educational program on breastfeeding, and most of these wanted to participate in the future in an educational program to learn about breastfeeding. Some of the topics they were interested in were“Nutritional Management for Sufficient Breast Milk”(60.3%),“Breast Care”(25.0%), and“Correct Nursing Positions”(9.8%). Most (88.2%) of the women who breastfeed suffered from physical discomforts including discomfort of the waist, and legs and discomfort due to cracked or sore nipples. “Insufficient breast milk”was the main reason for breastfeeding cessation or for switching to formula feeding. With respect to formula feeding practices, the main reasons for selecting a specific brand of formula were“the same brand the hospital used after delivery”(34.3%) and“an advertised brand”(23.3%). The strongest factor for promoting breastfeeding was“the support of husband or parents”, next were “breastfeeding in the hospital after delivery”and“planning to breastfeed before pregnancy”in that order. The characteristics the subjects had in common relating to formula feeding were“mother's job”,“high economic level”,“Caesarian section”and “planning to breastfeed after delivery”. In conclusion, it is recommended that breastfeeding be pro-moted, and educational programs be developed and offered as soon as possible to each group which had unfavorable attitudes toward breastfeeding. In addition, the monitoring and supervision of formula advertisements is required to protect consumers from the adverse effects of exaggerated advertising.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2010

Early nutritional support for preterm infants is critical because such support influences long-term outcome. Minimal enteral feeding should be initiated as soon as possible if an infant is stable and if feeding advancement is recommended as relevant to the clinical course. Maternal milk is the gold standard for enteral feeding, but fortification may be needed to achieve optimal growth in a rapidly growing premature infant. Erythromycin may aid in promoting gastrointestinal motility in cases that exhibit feeding intolerance. Selected preterm infants need vitamins, mineral supplements, and calorie enhancers to meet their nutritional needs. Despite all that is known about this topic, additional research is needed to guide postdischarge nutrition of preterm infants in order to maintain optimal growth and neurodevelopment.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.330-340
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• 2019

Human breast milk contains numerous biomolecules. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant component of breast milk, after lactose and lipids. Amongst the synthetized HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are widely studied and are considered safe for infant nutrition. Several studies have reported the health benefits of HMOs, which include modulation of the intestinal microbiota, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, modulation of the intestinal epithelial cell response, and development of the immune system. The amount and diversity of HMOs are determined by the genetic background of the mothers (HMO secretors or non-secretors). The non-secretor mothers secrete lower HMOs than secretor mothers. The breastfed infants of secretor mothers gain more health benefit than those of non-secretor mothers. In conclusion, supplementation of infant formula with 2'-FL and LNnT is a promising innovation for infant nutrition.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2008

Purpose: This study is about safety of the expressed human milk by investigating its bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance of the microbes in the expressed milk. Methods: The data are collected from the 156 mothers and their newborn infants in NICU of U University Hospital from January 2004 to September 2005. Results: 1) The expressed human milk was contaminated by Staphylococcus epidermidis for 66.7%, Two mixed bacterial strain for 11.5%, Acinetobacter species for 8.0%, Klebsiella species for 4.6%, Staphylococcus aureus for 4.6%. 2) The microbes in the human milk had high resistance to the Antimicrobial agents: 77.5% for Penicillin-G, 66.6% for Oxacillin, and 63.7% for Cephalothin. 3) The distribution of microbes showed a significant depending on the place of the milk expression (p=.020). In particular, mixed bacterial strain was found more in the milks expressed at home than the milk expressed at the hospital. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of systematic education of feeding process in expressed milk: poor management of a breast pump, inadequate hand washing and imperfect breast cleaning explain the reasons of contamination 156 cases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.219-229
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• 1991

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume per day and lactational performance of 23 Korean lacto-ovo-vegetarians(primiparae=11, multiparae=12) from 0.5 to 5 months after parturition have been studied by test weighing method. The human milk volume per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean volume (SD, ml/day) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months were 502(102), 692(127), 697(100), 684( 125), 757(52), 703(70), respectively. The overall mean volume was 661$\pm$132ml/day. The peak milk volume during the lactation was observed at most lactating women at the 1st month. The distributions of the individual mean volume during the first 5 months of lactation were found over 750m1(8.7% ), 650-750ml(47.9% ), 550-650m1(2l.7% ), and 450-550ml(2l.7% ) The number of feeding per day was 8.1 ($\pm$1.0) at 0.5 months postpartum, which was consistently decreased. However, the mean volume per feeding was increased from 62($\pm$9.5)ml at 0.5 month to 112($\pm$13.3)ml at 5 months postpartum. The milk volume was correlated with the peak volume. and maternal age. but not with weight before delivery. maternal height and birth weight. No differences of milk volume and lactational performance between facto-ovo-vegetarian and nonvegetarian women were observed. This study suggests that the human milk volume cited in the recommended dietary allowances for Koreitns is over estimated.