• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2015

This paper presents an experimental measurement system for 3-6 GHz microwave tomography (MT) of the breast. The measurement system is constructed as a minimal test bed to verify key components such as the sensing antennas, radio frequency (RF) transceiver, sensing mechanism, and image reconstruction method for our advanced MT system detecting breast cancer at an early stage. The test bed has eight RF channels operating at 3 to 6 GHz for high spatial resolution and a two-axis scanning mechanism for three-dimensional measurement. The measurement results from the test bed are shown and discussed.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1124-1131
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 MT(Microwave Tomography)를 사용한 유방암 진단용 영상 재구성 알고리즘에 관하여 연구하였다. 사용된 유방암 진단용 시스템은 16개의 송수신 안테나로 구성되어 있으며, 신호 파형은 900 MHz 정현파를 사용하였다. 2차원 역산란 문제를 풀기 위하여 포워드 계산 방법으로 2차원 시간 영역 유한 차분법과 최척화 알고리즘으로 LMA(Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm)를 이용하였다. 실제 유방암 환자의 MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)로부터 얻은 수치 팬텀을 활용하여 영상 복원을 한 결과 유방암의 위치를 정확히 탐지함을 확인하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5927-5936
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• 2014

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Jordanians. Breast cancer patients suffer from several negative consequences after treatment and these include pain, fatigue, sexual problems, appearance and body image concerns, with psychological dysfunction. This could affect the patient quality of life and psychological well-being. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published quantitative data on the quality of life and psychological well-being of breast cancer patients in Jordan. The objective of this study was to obtain such data and assess predictors with calculated scores. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted among breast cancer patients in Jordan diagnosed in 2009 and 2010, assessment was performed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), the Breast Module (QLQ-BR23) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Clinical, demographic and psychosocial indicators that could predict patient quality of life scores were collected. Results: The number of patients interviewed was 236 (mean age=$50.7{\pm}10.7$ years). The mean Global Health score for the QLQ-C30 was $63.7{\pm}20.2$ SD. Among functional scales, "social functioning" scored the highest ($mean=78.1{\pm}28.6$ SD), whereas "emotional functioning" scored the lowest ($mean=59.0{\pm}SD\;33.5$). For the QLQ-BR23, the worst scores within the functional scales were for "body image" ($mean=52.1{\pm}36.8$ SD) and "future perspective" ($mean=52.9{\pm}38.5$ SD). The worst symptom was "upset by hair loss" ($mean=69.8{\pm}43.0$). The mean HADS scores was $18.{\pm}9.0$ SD. Out of study participants, 53% scored abnormal on the anxiety scale and 45% on the depression scale. Severe depression and severe anxiety were detected among 8% and 14% of study participants, respectively. Statistically significant predictors for individual scores were similar to those reported in published studies, such as the presence of recurrence since baseline, family history of cancer, low educational status, current social problems, extent of the disease, presence of financial difficulties, and employment status. Conclusions and Recommendations: Breast cancer survivors in Jordan have overall good quality of life scores when compared with patients from Western countries. However, their psychological wellbeing is more impaired. There is an urgent need for psychosocial support programs and psychological screening and consultation for breast cancer patients at hospitals of the Ministry of Health in Jordan.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.4109-4114
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• 2015

Background: Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with dense breasts has a high rate of missed diagnosis, and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) could reduce organization overlapping and provide more reliable images for BI-RADS classification. This study aims to explore application of COMBO (FFDM+DBT) for effect and significance of BI-RADS classification of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In this study, we selected 832 patients who had been treated from May 2013 to November 2013. Classify FFDM and COMBO examination according to BI-RADS separately and compare the differences for glands in the image of the same patient in judgment, mass characteristics display and indirect signs. Employ Paired Wilcoxon rank sum test was used in 79 breast cancer patients to find differences between two examine methods. Results: The results indicated that COMBO pattern is able to observe more details in distribution of glands when estimating content. Paired Wilcoxon rank sum test showed that overall classification level of COMBO is higher significantly compared to FFDM to BI-RADS diagnosis and classification of breast (P<0.05). The area under FFDM ROC curve is 0.805, while that is 0.941 in COMBO pattern. COMBO shows relation of mass with the surrounding tissues, the calcification in the mass, and multiple foci clearly in breast cancer tissues. The optimal sensitivity of cut-off value in COMBO pattern is 82.9%, which is higher than that in FFDM (60%). They share the same specificity which is both 93.2%. Conclusions: Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) could be used for the BI-RADS classification in breast cancer in clinical.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2012

This study evaluated the ability of Diffusion-Weight Image (DWI), which is one of pulse sequences used in MRI based on the T2 weighted images, to detect samples placed within phantoms according to their size. Two identically sized phantoms, which could be inserted into the breast coil bilaterally, were prepared. Five samples with different sizes were placed in the phantoms, and the T2 weighted images and DWI were obtained. The Breast 2 channel coil of SIEMENS MAGNETOM Avanto 1.5 Tesla equipment was used for the experiments. 2D T2 weighted images were obtained using the following parameters: TR/TE = 6700/74 msec, Thickness/gap = 5/1 mm, Inversion Time (TI) = 130 ms, and matrix = $224{\times}448$. The parameters of DWI were that TR/TE = 8100/90 msec, Thickness/gap = 5/1 mm, matrix = $128{\times}128$, Inversion Time = 185 ms, and b-value = 0, 100, 300, 600, 1000 s/mm. The ratio of the sample volume on DWI compared to the T2 weighted images, which show excellent ability to detect lesions on MR images, was presented as the mean b-value. The measured b-value of the samples was obtained: 0.5${\times}$0.5 cm=0.33/0.34 square ${\times}$ cm (103%), 1${\times}$1 cm=1.28/1.25 square ${\times}$ cm (102.4%), 1.5${\times}$1.5 cm = 2.28/2.67 square ${\times}$ cm (85.39%), 2${\times}$2 cm=3.56/4.08 square ${\times}$ cm (87.25%), and 2.5${\times}$2.5 cm=7.53/8.77 square ${\times}$ cm (85.86%). In conclusion, the detection ability by the size of a sample was measured to be over 85% compared to T2 weighted image, but the detection ability of DWI was relatively lower than that of T2 weighted image.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the image evaluation and the preference of tailored jacket focused on the collar's figure according to the body type and the degree of satisfaction with their body of middle-aged women. For this study, twenty seven different types of tailored jacket were designed with some variation of their silhouette, the length and the collar's figure on three hundred and twenty three middle-aged women ranging from 35 to 50 years old. There was a significant difference in the image evaluation and the preference of tailored jacket according to the body type of middleaged women. The women of the type 1 evaluated that portrait lapel collar were the most fascinating, elegant and active, tender and they preferred that style. The women of the type 2 evaluated that breast lapel collar were the most fascinating, elegant and active, tender and they preferred that style. The women of the type 3 evaluated that breast lapel collar were the most fascinating, elegant and active, tender and they preferred that style. The women of the type 4 evaluated that waist lapel collar were the most fascinating, elegant and active, tender and they preferred that style. There was a meaningful difference in the image evaluation and the preference of tailored jacket according to the degree of satisfaction with their bodies. As satisfied with their face size, they thought breast/portrait lapel collar were more attractive, graceful and active, soft and they preferred that style. As satisfied with weight they regarded portrait lapel collar as more attrative, graceful and active, soft and they preferred that style. In this study we found that the middle-aged women evaluated the tailored jacket which was looking esthetic and fitting their body types, as the most attrative, elegant, active, and tender clothing and they prefered that kind of tailored jacket.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2015

BI-RADS의 구분에 따라 Algorithm의 변화로 영상의 질을 개선하는 기법을 이용하여 시각적 가시화의 차이를 일치도와 민감도로 평가하였다. 유방촬영을 시행한 172명을 대상으로 유방촬영의 판독소견과 자료 체계의 신뢰도를 평가하였다. Category 5단계(C0,C1,C2,C3,C4), 유방 실질 함유량 4단계(Fatty, Fibroglandular, Heterogeneous nodular, Diffuse dense), 병변 3종류(석회화, 결절, 종괴)로 분류하여 TE와 PV의 신뢰도를 평가하고, 민감도와 진단의 일치도, 정확도를 평가함으로 다방면의 융복합적 분석을 하였다. TE보다 PV가 병변의 신뢰도와 민감도와 정확도가 높았다. 유방 실질 함유량에 따른 평가에서 정확도는 PV가 높았다. TE에서는 Fatty는 모두에서, Fibroglandular는 종괴와 석회화가, Diffuse dense는 결절과 석회화가 구별이 용이하였다. PV에서는 Fatty는 모두에서, Fibroglandular는 결절, Heterogeneous nodular은 결절과 종괴, Diffuse dense는 결절과 석회화가 구별이 용이하였다. 민감도는 결절은 Fatty, Fibroglandular, Heterogeneous nodular에서 TE가 더 민감했고, 종괴에서는 Heterogeneous nodular, Diffuse dense에서 TE가 더 민감했으며, 석회화에서는 모두에서 TE가 더 민감하였다. 이에 Algorithm 기법을 적절히 변화시켜 활용한다면 진단과 판독에 정확성을 높일 것이라 사료된다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.189-206
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• 2016

A breast model was for the human body was devised by studying a body scan and human body index of a desirable breast type. Thus, when manufacturing various 3D models, these results can accordingly become a fundamental basis for realizing a desirable breast model. This study aims to provide a basic data for designing the cup patterns of brassieres in order to improve the function and wearing comfort. The comfort of three kinds of brassieres were compared: one manufactured by the actual measured size; another manufactured as per the ratio of desirable upper and lower breast lengths; and the third manufactured by the 3D model attained by the desirable human body ratio. In this study, we suggest a process for realizing the desirable breast model using the ratio of bust breadth and waist front length, which are the components for deciding the appropriate position and size of breast, and which are easy to measure. The ideal breast shape is an equilateral triangle formed by connecting the nipple with the center of the clavicle. After deciding the interval between the nipples, this value can be used to configure the locations of nipples by drawing a tangent, with equal length, from the anterior neck point (which is the center of clavicle) to the nipple. Also, since inside points of breast do not exist, the outer point of breast, upper point of breast, and below point of breast on the same plane, and the depths from the nipple point to the respective points, are applied to simulate a 3D image, by modifications along the x, y, and z axes. Depending on the type of breast, the length from the center of shoulder to the nipple, the diameter of breast, upper length of breast, and the position of nipple, are different. In conical or protruding breast, the wearing sensation is better when the nipple point of brassiere was lifted, by modifying the upper and lower lengths of breast. Considering the wearing sensation and function of a brassiere, it was better to leave the wearer's size as it is and use a pad within the same cup, rather than increase the basal area of the breast in order to increase the volume.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제79권5호
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• pp.254-258
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• 2018

목적: 보건의료정보화를 위한 진료정보교류 기반 구축 및 활성화 과제의 일부인 의료영상정보교류의 효용성을 높이기 위한 영상 품질 기준 연구에서 유방 자기공명영상검사의 적절한 프로토콜을 정립한다. 대상과 방법: 문헌 및 참고자료를 통한 국내외 유방 자기공명영상검사의 권고 프로토콜과 판독문 형식을 조사하고, 책임연구자가 설문지를 작성한 후, 국내 9명의 유방영상의학 전문가를 섭외하여 패널을 구성하였다. 전문가 패널은 총 3차례의 델파이 합의를 진행하여 유방자기공명영상 프로토콜의 합의안을 도출하였다. 결과: 합의된 유방자기공명영상 권고 프로토콜은 1.5 테슬라 이상의 기기로 유방 전용 코일을 사용하여 복와위 자세에서 영상을 획득하며, T2 강조영상과 조영 전 T1 강조영상을 포함한다. 조영증강영상은 적어도 2차례 이상 획득하며, 60~120초 사이 영상과 4분 이후 영상을 포함한다. 또한 조영증강 T1 강조영상의 절편 두께는 3 mm 이하, 측면 해상력은 120초 이하, 공간 내 평면 해상도는 $1.5mm^2$ 이하여야 한다. 결론: 국내 유방영상전문가 집단의 3차례에 걸친 델파이 합의를 통하여 효율적인 유방 자기공명영상검사의 검사 프로토콜 권고안을 정립하였다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2015

목 적 : MRI를 기반으로 한 CT fusion plan과 MRI only based plan을 비교함으로써 MRI only plan의 유용성을 평가하고, 나아가 Simulation과 치료계획을 포함한 방사선치료의 전 과정을 CT 촬영 없이 MRI 영상으로 구성하여 실시간 MR-IGRT를 구현하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원에서 사용중인 BBB CT (Brilliance Big Bore CT, 16slice, Philips)와 Viewray MRIdian System (Viewray, USA)으로 환자 11명(Head and Neck 1명, Breast 5명, Lung 1명, Liver 3명, Prostate 1명)을 대상으로 CT & MR simulation 및 치료계획을 세웠다. Head and Neck, Breast, Prostate환자는 자유호흡(Free Breathing) 상태로, Lung과 Liver 환자는 흡기 호흡중지(Inhalation Breathing Holdng)상태로 Simulation을 진행하였다. Viewray의 Bore 크기 및 Coil 위치를 고려하여 환자 자세 및 고정기구를 동일한 조건을 유지하여 CT simulation을 시행하였다. Viewray MRIdian 시스템을 이용하여 MR 영상을 기반으로 한 CT fusion plan과 CT fusion 없이 [ICRU 46]에서 권고하는 폐, 공기, 뼈의 전자밀도를 입력한 동일한 조건의 MR only plan을 세웠다. Head and Neck, Breast, Prostate는 IMRT, Lung과 Liver 는 Gating치료계획을 세웠고, 치료계획의 평가는 PTV의 균질성 지표 (Homogeneity Index, HI)와 일치성 지표 (Conformity Index, CI), 그리고 각 PTV와 OAR의 DVH와 선량차이를 각각 비교하였다. 결 과 : 두 치료계획간 치료부위별 PTV에 대한 HI 값의 차이는 Head and Neck, Breast, Lung, Liver, Prostate 부위별로 각각 0.089, 0.26, 0.67, 0.2, 0.4%로 나타났으며, CI 값의 차이는 부위별로 각각 0.043, 0.84, 0.68, 0.46, 0.3%로 두가지 평가 값 모두 Head and Neck 부위가 가장 작은 차이를 나타냈다. PTV에 대한 평균선량 차이는 치료부위별로 각각 0.07, 0.29, 0.18, 0.3, 0.18 Gy로 나타났다. 이를 백분율로 나타냈을 때 0.06, 0.7, 0.29, 0.69, 0.44%으로 모두 1% 이하의 차이를 보였다. 두경부암의 각 OAR은 전체적으로 0.01~0.12 Gy의 평균선량 차이를 보였으며, 유방암은 0.04~0.06 Gy, 폐암에서는 0.01~0.21 Gy, 간암은 0.06~0.27 Gy, 전립선암은 0.02~0.23 Gy의 평균선량 차이를 나타냈다. 결 론 : MR 영상을 이용한 치료계획은 연부조직에서 탁월한 대조도를 나타낼 뿐만 아니라 CT fusion한 MR 치료계획과 비교했을 때 PTV의 HI, CI, 선량차이 모두 1%미만의 차이를 보였으며, OAR의 경우 비균질한 조직이 많은 부위일수록 최대 0.89 Gy 선량차이를 보였다. 이결과를 토대로 두경부암, 부분적 유방암이나 전립선암등 비균질도 차이가 적은 부위에는 CT촬영 없이 MR 영상만을 이용한 방사선치료의 가능성을 확인 할 수 있었다.