• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

Fowl adenovirus (FAV) is an important cause of several diseases, which result in considerable economic losses to the poultry farm. An outer capsid protein of FAV, fiber 2 is essential for virus growth, assembly or spread. This study was performed to produce about 22 kDa of recombinant fiber 2 protein and to immunize in laying hens to acquire the specific IgY antibody against the recombinant fiber 2. Laying hens were immunized with the recombinant fiber 2 intramuscularly in the breast muscle by injection 4 times at intervals of three weeks. At 12 weeks, serum- and egg yolk-antibody titers of hens against fiber 2 were increased up to 430,000 and 414,000, respectively. The recombinant fiber 2 could be recognized be the anti-His monoclonal antibody. Anti-fiber 2-IgY antibody could recognize the fiber 2 specifically in western blot analysis. These results suggested that the recombinant fiber 2 antigen could be used as an immunogen to elicit IgY antibody against fiber 2 and the anti-fiber 2-IgY could neutralize fowl adenovirus fiber 2 effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.79-95
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is firstly to survey the social and cultural background of 20th century and women´s status, and to identify what the ideal body is like and what the elements of outer garment and underwear are and the techniques to incarnate the ideal beauty. Various papers are referenced for theoretical study and the elements and techniques of underwear are analyzed based on photographical materials. This paper concludes as follows. In 1960´s, ideal beauty was small bust, long legs, which showed extremely slim Mini-skirt look. Thinly or no padded brassiere were worn for small bust, and pants-style short panty girdles were popular as they used to wear pants frequently. Lycra replaced all the closures, bones, seams and gave freedom with light weight. In 1970´s, a natural human body without sex specific was in vogue. Therefore, the non-structural knits without a pad or lining or the shirts dress were widespread for a Natural look and the naturally molded brassiere or girdles were worn as the underwears. In 1980´s, the women with powerful muscle appear which emphasized liveliness and healthfulness. The body conscious represented by wide shoulder, plump breast, accented waist, small hips, and long legs has been embodied. Outer garments emphasized women power and healthy beauty with Power suit and Form-fitting style, and underwears made the breast plump with padded brassiere and emphasized waist and hips with waspie. In 1990´s, ideal beauty was slim body with big bust and the outer garments emphasized body line of women with Hourglass silhouette. Push-up bra which emphasizes the valley of breast and supports the breast upward and the control tights for slim waist, flat abdomen, small hips, and long and slim legs have been useful as underwears. Multi-functional micro-fiber has been ideal for sculpting women body.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1510-1517
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• 2003

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of brewery waste (BW) replacement of concentrate (C) in growing duck diets. In Exp. 1, which was carried out on-station, 300 ducklings were allocated in a $2{\times}5$ factorial experiment: Two breeds (local Muscovy and crosses of French and local Muscovy)${\times}5$ levels of C and with BW offered ad libitum. Concentrate only ad libitum as the control diet (C100), and levels of 75% (C75), 50% (C50), 25% (C25) and 0% (C0) of the amount of the control diet consumed, and with BW ad libitum. In Exp. 2, 200 ducklings were allocated in a $2{\times}2$ factorial experiment on five smallholdings: two breeds (local and crossbred Muscovy ducks)${\times}2$ diets (the C100 and C50 diets from Exp.1). In Exp.1 total dry matter (DM), BW, crude fiber (CF) and crude protein (CP) intakes were highest on the C0 diet and ME and lysine intakes lowest (p<0.001). Daily live weight gains were higher for the crossbred ducks than for the local Muscovies (p<0.05) and were highest for treatments C100 and C50, and lowest for treatment C0 (p<0.05). Weights of breast muscle, liver and abdominal fat were significantly higher for the crossbred ducks. Breast and thigh muscle and abdominal fat weights were significantly higher for the C100, C75 and C50 diets, while gizzard weights were highest for the C25 and C0 treatments. Net profits were higher for the crosses, and for treatments C50 and C25. In Exp. 2 total DM, CF and CP intakes were significantly higher for the C50 diet, and ME intakes lower (p<0.001). Daily gains of the crosses were significantly higher than those of the local Muscovy ducks, and were similar for the C100 and C50 diets. The highest net profits were from the crosses and ducks fed the C50 diet. It was concluded that BW can replace 50% of the concentrate in growing Muscovy duck diets without reducing daily live weight gains and with improved economic benefits.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2016

The effects of freezing and thawing conditions on microbiological quality and microstructure change of inoculated (Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni) and non-inoculated chicken breasts were investigated. Chicken breasts were frozen with air blast freezing (-20, -70, and $-150^{\circ}C$), ethanol ($-70^{\circ}C$) and liquid nitrogen ($-196^{\circ}C$) immersion freezing. There were no significant differences on the populations of L. monocytogenes inoculated with chicken breasts under different freezing conditions. However, air blast freezing ($-20^{\circ}C$) resulted in significant reductions for total aerobic bacteria and C. jejuni compared to the control and other freezing treatments. The frozen samples were thawed with (hot or cold) air blast, water immersion, and high pressure thawing at $4^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. the populations of total aerobic bacteria, and yeast and mold in the frozen chicken breast increased by 5.78 and 4.05 log CFU/g after water immersion thawing ($25^{\circ}C$) treatment. After five freeze-thaw cycles, the populations of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, and C. jejuni were reduced by 0.29~1.40 log cycles, while there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the populations of L. monocytogenes depending on the freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, the histological examination of chicken breasts showed an increase in spacing between the muscle fiber and torn muscle fiber bundles as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased. These results indicate that freezing and thawing processes could affect in the levels of microbial contamination and the histological change of chicken breasts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.825-834
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• 2005

Two experiments were conducted with growing crossbred Super-Meat ducks at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University to evaluate the effects of reducing the proportion of soybean meal (SBM) in a broken rice (BR)-SBM mixture and providing soya waste (SW) ad libitum (Expt. 1), and reducing the proportion of fish meal (FM) in a BR-FM mixture and supplying ensiled shrimp waste (ESW) ad libitum (Expt.2). Both experiments included five treatments, with three replicates and ten growing ducks per replicate. In Expt.1, the five diets were based on BR and five levels of SBM, with SW offered ad libitum. The control diet (SBM25) consisted of 75% BR and 25% SBM, and the other four treatments included SBM levels of 20% (SBM20), 14% (SBM14), 8% (SBM8) and 0% (SBM0) mixed with BR to 100%, and with SW ad libitum. In Expt. 2, the control diet consisted of 86% BR and 14% FM, and the other dietary treatments had FM levels of 11% (FM11), 8% (FM8), 4% (FM4) and 0% (FM0) mixed with BR, and with ESW ad libitum. In Expt. 1, total intakes of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and metabolizable energy (ME) were higher for birds given SW (p<0.001). Total CP intake was highest on the SBM20 diet, and lowest on the SBM0 diet (p<0.001). Lower daily gain (DG) was found for the SBM0 diet (p<0.01). Carcass weights were higher on the control treatment, with the lowest values on the SBM0 diet (p<0.001). Gizzard weights were higher on diets with high intakes of SW (p<0.05). In Expt. 2, birds with high intakes of ESW (FM4 and FM0) had lower (p<0.01) daily intakes of DM. The total CP intakes declined (p<0.001) with higher intakes of ESW. The highest DG were for the control and FM11 diets, while the lowest value was for diet FM0 (p<0.001). The poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was for the FM0 treatment (p<0.01). Lower weights of carcass and breast muscle were found on the FM0 diet (p<0.001). Feed costs per kg gain were only slightly different between diets. However, the lowest feed cost was for ducks on the SBM0 and FM11 diets in Expt.1 and Expt. 2, respectively.