• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine dietary habits and nutrient intakes according to feeding method during infant period in elementary school students. Subjects were 1,251 elementary school students. Subjects were divided into three groups, breast-fed group (N=508), formula-fed group (N=397), and mixed group (N=346), according to feeding method during infant period. The questionnaire was composed of general characteristics, dietary conditions during infant period, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by children and children's parents. Average age, height, weight, and body mass index were 11.6 years, 139.0 cm, 34.6 kg, and $17.8kg/m^2$, respectively. The formula-fed group showed a smaller proportion of subjects with colostrum feeding (P<0.001) compared to the breast-fed and mixed groups. Frequency of eating snacks was significantly higher in the mixed group than in other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in dietary habit total score and nutrient intakes according to feeding method during infant period. Feeding method in during infant period was associated with dietary habits (milk and vegetable intake habits) up to growth period of elementary school. A longitudinal and systematic study is needed to clarify this relationship.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2006

Recently, interests and utilization on Computed Radiography(CR) and Digital Radiography(DR) tends to increase owing to an introduction of Picture Archiving and Communication System(PACS) and an accuracy control of special medical equipment for a breast imaging examination. This study was intended to compare and analyze a detector's imaging quality by each system to be used for the breast imaging examination by using ACR Phantom used at the accuracy control. As an evaluation method, a significance and reliability of image's value using the ACR Phantom was analyzed by using SPSS program. The results are followed. 1. For the fiber, there was 3.9 score in Screen-Film, 4.2 score in CR($50{\mu}m$), 3.2 score in CR($100{\mu}m$), and 4.2 score in DR. There was the high score in the order of CR($50{\mu}m$), DR, Screen-Film, and CR($100{\mu}m$)(P<0.05). 2. For the calcification, there was 2.7 score in Screen-Film, 2.5 score in CR($50{\mu}m$), 2.0 score in CR($100{\mu}m$), and 2.9 score in DR. There was the high score in the order of DR, Screen-Film, CR($50{\mu}m$), and CR($100{\mu}m$).(0.025(P<0.05). 3. For Mass, there was 3.8 score in Screen-Film, 3.8 score in CR($50{\mu}m$), 3.6 score in CR($100{\mu}m$), and 4.5 score in DR. There was the high score in the order of DR, CR($50{\mu}m$), Screen-Film, and CR($100{\mu}m$) (P<0.1). 4. As the total score, there was 10.4 score in Screen-Film, 10.6 score in CR($50{\mu}m$), 8.7 score in CR($100{\mu}m$), and 11.3 score in DR. There was the high score in the order of DR, $CR(50{\mu}m$), Screen-Film, and $CR(100{\mu}m$). As shown in the above results, it can be known that DR and Screen-Film System has higher image quality than CR. But, DR has unstability caused by element, and Screen-Film has the low image quality caused by artifact as disadvantages. When Dual-Side CR($50{\mu}m$) was used among CR systems which had the problem of low image quality, it was indicated that there was no difference with Screen-Film System. Because the radiation imaging examination tends to become digitalized, each system for the breast imaging examination will need to be developed and supplemented.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1995

Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is one of common cause of neck mass in young adult in Korea. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis known as scrofula was being treated by the 'Royal Touch' in the 5th century and by surgery in the 17th century, yet the principle of the treatment is still controversal. We report the clinical evaluation and therapeutic result about 121 tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis. The result were as follows: 1) The annual incidence(1985-1994) was 30.5 % (37 cases: 1985-1986), 17.7 % (21 cases: 1990-1992). 19.8%(24 cases: 1994). 2) The age of highest incidence was 20-29 year old age group in 41.3% (50 cases) and female predominated over male by 1.8 : 1. 3) The duration of disease was less than 6 months, in 85.9% (104 cases). 4) The most commonly involved LN group was superficial cervical group in 69.4% (84 cases), and difference between Rt & Lt, was not significant. 5) The most common symptom and local finding(P/E) were, painless swelling of LN in 74.3 % (90 cases) and single mass in 59.5 % (72 cases). 6) In seasonal variation, 85.9% (104 cases) was spring and summer. 7) Procedures except biopsy for evaluation were chest PA, AFB smear & culture(sputum), Mantoux test, USG, CT and, Associated extracervical tuberculous lesions were lung, axilla, breast. 8) In operation method (involving biopsy), Excision was 68.5 % (83 cases), neck dissection was 6.6% (8 cases). 9) The Modality, Duration and side effect of antituberculous medication: INH-Rifampin­Ethambutol was 66.1 % (88 cases), duration was 1 year in 84.3% (102 cases), side effects were severe GI trouble (24.8%), liver function damage (3.3%). 10) 3 cases recurred on the same site after 2 yrs(2 cases) and 4 months(1 case) and its treatment was curretage or I & D, with antituberculous medication.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.607-610
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• 2008

Purpose: Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC) is uncommon but high grade adenocarcinoma arising in the ductal epithelium of salivary glands. SDC is characterized by distinctive clinical and pathologic features. The most important histologic aspect of this neoplasm is its resemblance to ductal carcinoma of the breast. Clinically SDC is defined by cervical lymph node involvement and distant metastasis with a high rate of recurrence and mortality. We described some of the clinical and pathological features of SDC and the management using case report for our patient. Methods: We present a case of a 40-year-old male with 2-year history of a swelling arising in his left preauricular region. There was a single painless, firm and solid $2{\times}1.5cm$ mass in the left parotid area. Facial nerve function was intact and no cervical lymph node were palpable. In August 2005, we found out $1.7{\times}1.8cm$ sized cystic, nodular lesions that were located in the superficial lobe of left parotid gland through Computed tomography. And then superficial parotidectomy and postoperative radiation therapy were performed in Jan 2007. Results: Pathologically, the specimen were consisted of homogeneous, chondoid to myxoid type of tissues. It was yellow mass that has multiloculated cystic lesions. In postoperative PET(Positiron emission tomography) CT, there was no evidence of uptaking FDG(Fluorodeoxyglucose) into the deep layers of parotid gland and distant metastasis were not seen. Conclusion: Salivary duct carcinoma(SDC) is a rare but high grade adenocarcinoma related to pleomorphic adenocarcinoma. The prognosis of SDC can be different according to the type of tumor such as mucoepidermoid adenocarcinoma, adenoid duct carcinoma and acinar cell carcinoma. So we need to study more carefully for accurate diagnosis in early stage of diagnosis. Although radiotherapy has not yet proven to be a significant factor in overall survival, the combination of parotidectomy and postoperative radiation therapy can lead to more favorable results in treating of SDC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.713-717
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• 2016

Background: To evaluate the prevalence and features of other gynecologic or surgical lesions in endometrial cancer (EMC) patients. Materials and Methods: Clinico-pathological data of EMC patients who were treated in the institution from 1995 to 2012 were collected. Data collected were age, stage of disease according to the FIGO 2009 criteria (FIGO), histopathology, tumor grade, adjuvant therapy, other gynecologic or surgical lesions, follow-up period, and living status. Results: The mean age of 396 patients was $56.7{\pm}10.64years$. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the most common presenting symptom (90.1%). Bleeding was accompanied with pelvic mass in 7.7% and 5.4% had only a pelvic mass. Abnormal cervical cytology was found in 3.8%. Approximately 75% had early stage diseases and 86% had endometrioid histology. We found 55.8% of EMC patients had other gynecologic lesions: 89.6% benign and 9.5% malignant. Some 4.5% had pre-invasive cervical/vulva/vagina lesions. The two most common gynecologic lesions were myoma uteri and ovarian tumors. Focusing on the latter, approximately 14% were benign while 8% were malignant. Among 364 patients with available data, surgical lesions were found in 11.8%, 5.7% benign and 9.2% malignant. The most common benign surgical condition was chronic appendicitis while breast and colon cancers were the two most common malignant lesions found. Conclusions: More than half of EMC patients had other gynecologic lesions including benign and malignant tumors. Surgical lesions were also found in more than one-tenth of patients. Careful pre-operative evaluation and intra-operative inspection are advised for proper management and better prognosis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the contributions of macronutrients to the total energy intakes and Body Mass Indices (BMI, $kg/m^2$) of Korean women. Methods : We used dietary records data from 115 healthy Korean women, ages 20 and over, who completed four 3-day dietary records between February 2003 and March 2004. For the calculation of nutrients we used a dietary assessment program developed by the Korean Nutritional Society. Macronutrient intakes were estimated by averaging individual total daily intakes in four 3-day dietary records. Subjects were categorized into three Body Mass Index (BMI) groups : underweight (BMI < 20), normal (20 $\leq$ BMI < 25), and overweight (BMI $\geq$ 25) group. Results : The total energy intakes were not different among the three BMI groups. Similarly, other macronutrient intakes such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vegetable protein, animal protein, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not different. From the multivariate nutrient density model, substituting polyunsaturated fatty acid for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI in women aged 20 to 49 ($\beta=2.31$, p<0.01). In women aged 50 and over, substituting animal protein for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI ($\beta=0.549$, p=0.04). Conclusions : No single macronutrient was associated with BMI when all subjects were combined. However, when stratified by age, polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in younger women, and animal protein intake in older women, were positively associated with BMI. In the future, we recommend a larger study to confirm these results.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.59-69
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• 2004

1. Objectives This research is to ascertain relations between the Sasang Constitution and characteristics of the eating attitudes, mental state, body composition, various examination results of obese middle-aged women. 2. Methods The subjects were 31 female patients whose BMI(Body Mass Index) was over $25kg/m^2$ and age was 35~55. It was analysed statistically the results of EAT(The Eating Attitudes Test), DEBQ(Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire), BDI(Beck Depression Inventory), STAI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), body composition analyser, biochemistry, abdominal ultrasonography, mammography which was surveyed from them. 3. Results and Conclusions 1)There was no relation between the Sasang Constitution and the eating attitudes, eating behaviors. But Taeumin got statistically lower score than Non-Taeumin in 23rd question for emotional eating and 33rd question for environmental eating of DEBQ 2)On the mental state, Taeumin got statistically lower score than Non-Taeumin in BDI, STAI-S 3)On the body composition, Taeumin got statistically higher value than Non-Taeumin in BMI. Soyangin got statistically lower value than Non-Soyangin in BMI, left upper limb water, soft lean mass, body water, trunk water. 4)On the various examinations, Taeumin got statistically lower value than Non-Taeumin in serum albumin. Soyangin got statistically lower value in BMI and higher frequency in gallstone, breast nodule than Non-Soyangin. 5)It was thought that Taeumin's obesity is managed by controling physical factor such as excessive 'Gathering Qi(吸聚之氣)' rather than eating attitudes and psychological factor.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.481-486
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• 2012

Purpose: Precocious puberty is defined as breast development before the age of 8 years in girls. The present study aimed to reveal the diagnosis of Korean girls referred for precocious puberty and to compare the constitutional and endocrinological features among diagnosis groups. Methods: The present study used a retrospective chart review of 988 Korean girls who had visited a pediatric endocrinology clinic from 2006 to 2010 for the evaluation of precocious puberty. Study groups comprised fast puberty, true precocious puberty (PP), pseudo PP, premature thelarche, and control. We determined the height standard deviation score (HSDS), weight standard deviation score (WSDS), and body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS) of each group using the published 2007 Korean growth charts. Hormone tests were performed at our outpatient clinic. Results: The PP groups comprised fast puberty (67%), premature thelarche (17%), true PP (15%), and pseudo PP (1%). Advanced bone age and levels of estradiol, basal luteinizing hormone (LH), and peak LH after gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing were significantly high in the fast puberty and true PP groups compared with the control group. HSDS, WSDS, and BMISDS were significantly higher in the true PP group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The frequent causes of PP were found to be fast puberty, true PP, and premature thelarche. Furthermore, BMISDS were significantly elevated in the true PP group. Therefore, we emphasize the need for regular follow-up of girls who are heavier or taller than others in the same age group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.367-381
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish a mother and child cohort in the Chinese population, and investigate human breastmilk (HBM) composition and its relationship with maternal body mass index (BMI) and infant growth during the first 3 mon of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 101 Chinese mother and infant pairs were included in this prospective cohort. Alterations in the milk macronutrients of Chinese mothers at 1 mon (T1), 2 mon (T2), and 3 mon (T3) lactation were analyzed. HBM fatty acid (FA) profiles were measured by gas chromatography (GC), and HBM proteomic profiling was achieved by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). RESULTS: During the first 3 mon of lactation (P < 0.05), significant decreases were determined in the levels of total energy, fat, protein, and osteopontin (OPN), as well as ratios of long-chain saturated FA (including C16:0, C22:0 and C24:0), monounsaturated FA (including C16:1), and n-6 poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) (including C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6, and n-6/n-3). Conversely, butyrate, C6:0 and n-3 PUFA C18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) were significantly increased during the first 3 mon (P < 0.05). HBM proteomic analyses distinguished compositional protein differences over time (P = 0.001). Personalized motherinfant analyses demonstrated that HBM from high BMI mothers presented increased total energy, fat, protein and OPN, and increased content of n-6 PUFA (including C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio) as compared with low BMI mothers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, BMI of the mothers positively correlated with the head circumference (HC) of infants as well as the specific n-6 PUFA C20:3n-6 over the 3 time points examined. Infant HC was negatively associated with C18:0. CONCLUSION: This study provides additional evidence to the Chinese HBM database, and further knowledge of FA function. It also helps to establish future maternal strategies that support the healthy growth and development of Chinese infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.788-793
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• 1999

To determine the interrelationship between thyroid status and the reparitioning action of clenbuterol (CLE) in broilers, two-week-old female chickens were fed diets containing an antithyroid substance, propylthiouracil (PTU, 0 or 0.3%), CLE (0 to 1 mg/kg), or both for 18 days in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design experiment. Muscle weights (breast muscle, gastrocnemius and peroneus longus) increased only in the normal chickens fed CLE. As absolute mass, protein of leg muscle quantitatively increased in the CLE-fed normal birds. In contrast, inhibition of the CLE-induced protein accretion, especially of peroneus longus, occurred in the PTU group. A quantitative increase in DNA was observed in leg muscles of the normal chickens, but no DNA response to CLE was shown in the PTU-treated chickens. The decreased RNA in leg muscles of the PTU group was more reduced by CLE feeding. Although not statistically significant, the reduced degradation rate of whole muscle protein in normal chickens fed CLE was not confirmed in the PTU-fed group. The present study, therefore, concluded that metabolic action of thyroid hormones was a prerequisite for the hypertrophic effect of ${\beta}$-agonist in broilers.