• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2024

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRCT) is crucial for cytopathologists to use a standardized, category-based reporting system for thyroid fine needle aspirations and is effective for clear communication with the referring physicians. The new Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, the third edition in 2023, provides several key updates. The most important update is the assignment of only single name for each of the six diagnostic categories: (I) nondiagnostic; (II) benign; (III) atypia of undetermined significance; (IV) follicular neoplasm; (V) suspicious for malignancy; and (VI) malignant. An implied risk of malignancy (ROM) for each of six categories has been updated based on extensively published data since the second edition of TBSRTC in 2017 and offers both an average ROM for each category and the expected range of cancer risk. Estimated final ROM after excluding "Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary Like Nuclear Features (NIFTP)" for each of six categories has been updated based on the reported mean decreases in the ROM if excluding NIFTP. For atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) category, the subcategorization is simplified and more formalized into 2 subgroups, AUS-nuclear atypia or AUS-other, based on the implied ROM and molecular profiling. For the pediatric thyroid disease, pediatric ROMs and management algorithms are newly added for the same six reporting categories for this age group. New or revised disease nomenclatures including high-grade follicular-derived carcinoma has been updated according to the recently published 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms. Brand new two chapters are added including clinical perspectives and imaging studies (Chap. 13) and the use of molecular and other ancillary tests (Chap. 14). The atlas is updated with new images to illustrate more effectively for new disease entity and diagnostic criteria.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2010

This study was intended to analyze and interpret the pattern of naming the domestic apartment brand from a semiologic viewpoint in a bid to review the meaning and value of apartment brand, while on the other hand, evaluating the characteristics of persuasive message pursued by current apartment brand in 2010, and consequently, the conclusion of the study is outlined as follows. 1. As a result of analyzing the coinage of branding naming, the words such as combination, joint and blending pattern tended to dominate, which seemed to attempt to represent the variety of values of the housing culture. Brand ideation tends to stress the character symbolism and polysemic message using syllepsis, and the experimental attempt to revive the traditional dwelling concept in a modern sense in a way of combining the archaic word with the Chinese character was found as well. 2. As a result of analyzing the frequency of verbal identity and lexeme of domestic apartments, those frequently used are in order of ville, nature, beauty(美), park, hi, green, palace(宮), nobility and center(tra), which are the lexemes representing the landscape, view, nature and dignity. 3. As a result of identifying the pattern of lexeme using analysis frame based on existing researches such as apartment brand positioning, the most important external core concepts controlling the direction and value of apartment brand are 'environment-orientated' and 'emotion-orientated', and internally, 'function-oriented'. Given the persuasive language expressing the 'environment-oriented' feature and the priority of brand lexeme are garden, park, view and the nature, a landscape-oriented persuasive message is seen to be surging in brand naming. 4. An emotion-oriented persuasive language such as dignity axis having major lexeme represented by palace, nobility, class and a pride axis having major semantic elements represented by human, I and you are used as major value concepts and persuasive language that lead domestic apartment brands to differentiation and upgradation. 5. Among the lexemes focusing on view from environment-oriented standpoint, hi, hill, tower, view, mark, heights are the trend pursued by high-rise apartment aiming at the view such as residential-commercial apartment, and thus the persuasive language focusing on high-rise concept is expected to become the element dominating the trend of apartment brand for the time being.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.119-139
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• 2000

In order to examine the determinants of new product success, 217 winning products in Korean market are analyzed with a focus on merchantability. For the purpose of the analysis, dimensions of products are classified into function, aesthetics, economy, safety, usability, reliability, brand image, assurance, distribution channel, advertisement, DFE(desing for the environment). The major dimensions of sinning products were identified for each category of the products. The results this study would be a cue to the future direction of new product development.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2000

기업환경의 변화로 인하여 정확한 경쟁구조의 파악은 경쟁전략의 수립에 중요한 개념으로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소비자중심의 경쟁구조 파악의 중요성을 제기하고 그 일환으로 상황 변수를 고려한 경쟁 구조 분석의 필요성을 제시하고 있다. 또한 구체적인 상황 변수를 파악하기 위한 방법으로 카테고리 수준에서의 경쟁 구조 분석을 제기하고 있다. 이를 위해 음료수 시장을 대상으로 브랜드 수준과 카테고리 수준에서의 지각적 및 상황적 경쟁 구조 분석을 실시하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 브랜드 수준에서는 지각적 경쟁구조와 상황적 경쟁구조가 상이하게 나타났고 카테고리 수준에서는 두 경쟁 구조가 상당히 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 소비자들은 음료수 구매와 관련하여 '소비(음용) 상황'이라는 기준에 의해 음료수 제품들을 범주화하는, 즉 소비자들의 기억속에 음용 상황이라는 기준에 의한 스키마가 형성되어 있다고 볼 수 있는 근거를 제시하였다. 카테고리 수준에서의 경쟁 구조 분석을 통하여 마케터는 소비자의 구매행동과 관련한 중요한 상황 변수를 파악할 수 있고, 이렇게 파악된 상황 변수를 토대로 한 경쟁 구조 분석을 실시함으로써 보다 소비자 중심적이며, 안정적인 시장 경쟁 구조의 파악이 가능하다고 본다.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.247-269
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• 2007

In recent years, one of the major reasons for the fierce competition amongst firms is that they strive to increase their own market shares and customer acquisition rate in the same market with similar and apparently undifferentiated products in terms of quality and perceived benefit. Because of this change in recent marketing environment, the differentiated after-sales service and diversified promotion strategies have become more important to gain competitive advantage. Price promotion is the favorite strategy that most retailers use to achieve short-term sales increase, induce consumer's brand switch, in troduce new product into market, and so forth. However, if marketers apply or copy an identical price promotion strategy without considering the characteristic differences in product and consumer preference, it will cause serious problems because discounted price itself could make people skeptical about product quality, and the changes of perceived value might appear differently depending on other factors such as consumer involvement or brand attitude. Previous studies showed that price promotion would certainly increase sales, and the discounted price compared to regular price would enhance the consumer's perceived values. On the other hand, discounted price itself could make people depreciate or skeptical about product quality, and reduce the consumers' positivity bias because consumers might be unsure whether the current price promotion is the retailer's best price offer. Moreover, we cannot say that discounted price absolutely enhances the consumer's perceived values regardless of product category and purchase situations. That is, the factors that affect consumers' value perceptions and buying behavior are so diverse in reality that the results of studies on the same dependent variable come out differently depending on what variable was used or how experiment conditions were designed. Majority of previous researches on the effect of price-comparison advertising have used consumers' buying behavior as dependent variable. In order to figure out consumers' buying behavior theoretically, analysis of value perceptions which influence buying intentions is needed. In addition, they did not combined the independent variables such as brand loyalty and price discount rate together. For this reason, this paper tried to examine the moderating effect of brand loyalty on relationship between the different levels of discounting rate and buyers' value perception. And we provided with theoretical and managerial implications that marketers need to consider such variables as product attributes, brand loyalty, and consumer involvement at the same time, and then establish a differentiated pricing strategy case by case in order to enhance consumer's perceived values properl. Three research concepts were used in our study and each concept based on past researches was defined. The perceived acquisition value in this study was defined as the perceived net gains associated with the products or services acquired. That is, the perceived acquisition value of the product will be positively influenced by the benefits buyers believe they are getting by acquiring and using the product, and negatively influenced by the money given up to acquire the product. And the perceived transaction value was defined as the perception of psychological satisfaction or pleasure obtained from taking advantage of the financial terms of the price deal. Lastly, the brand loyalty was defined as favorable attitude towards a purchased product. Thus, a consumer loyal to a brand has an emotional attachment to the brand or firm. Repeat purchasers continue to buy the same brand even though they do not have an emotional attachment to it. We assumed that if the degree of brand loyalty is high, the perceived acquisition value and the perceived transaction value will increase when higher discount rate is provided. But we found that there are no significant differences in values between two different discount rates as a result of empirical analysis. It means that price reduction did not affect consumer's brand choice significantly because the perceived sacrifice decreased only a little, and customers are satisfied with product's benefits when brand loyalty is high. From the result, we confirmed that consumers with high degree of brand loyalty to a specific product are less sensitive to price change. Thus, using price promotion strategy to merely expect sale increase is not recommendable. Instead of discounting price, marketers need to strengthen consumers' brand loyalty and maintain the skimming strategy. On the contrary, when the degree of brand loyalty is low, the perceived acquisition value and the perceived transaction value decreased significantly when higher discount rate is provided. Generally brands that are considered inferior might be able to draw attention away from the quality of the product by making consumers focus more on the sacrifice component of price. But considering the fact that consumers with low degree of brand loyalty are known to be unsatisfied with product's benefits and have relatively negative brand attitude, bigger price reduction offered in experiment condition of this paper made consumers depreciate product's quality and benefit more and more, and consumer's psychological perceived sacrifice increased while perceived values decreased accordingly. We infer that, in the case of inferior brand, a drastic price-cut or frequent price promotion may increase consumers' uncertainty about overall components of product. Therefore, it appears that reinforcing the augmented product such as after-sale service, delivery and giving credit which is one of the levels consisting of product would be more effective in reality. This will be better rather than competing with product that holds high brand loyalty by reducing sale price. Although this study tried to examine the moderating effect of brand loyalty on relationship between the different levels of discounting rate and buyers' value perception, there are several limitations. This study was conducted in controlled conditions where the high involvement product and two different levels of discount rate were applied. Given the presence of low involvement product, when both pieces of information are available, it is likely that the results we have reported here may have been different. Thus, this research results explain only the specific situation. Second, the sample selected in this study was university students in their twenties, so we cannot say that the results are firmly effective to all generations. Future research that manipulates the level of discount along with the consumer involvement might lead to a more robust understanding of the effects various discount rate. And, we used a cellular phone as a product stimulus, so it would be very interesting to analyze the result when the product stimulus is an intangible product such as service. It could be also valuable to analyze whether the change of perceived value affects consumers' final buying behavior positively or negatively.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.357-374
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• 2001

This study analyzed the trends of fashion market in 15 branch stores of 3 major department stores in Seoul. The purposes of this study were to classify fashion zone and brands in each floor of the department stores, and to analyze the rate which a fashion brand was located department store. The results were as follows : 1. There were sundry goods on main floor, women\`s clothings on 2-4th floor, sports & golf wears and infants & children\`s clothings from 6th floor to the top in most department stores. 2. Lotte Chamshil branch had the largest number of fashion brands in it, the nest was Lotte Main store and followed by Hyundai Chunhoe branch, Shinsegae Gangnam branch, Hunndai Shinchun branch, Lotte Gangnam branch, Hyundai Main store, Hyundai Muyeuk-Center branch, and Lotte Youngdeungpo branch, etc. 3. The fashion categories of the Lotte Department stores were segmented as the Casuals (character, young, young basic, career, town, jean, city), Young worlds, Imported beautique, Madams, Designers(beautique), Intelligences, Unisex, Ladies formal wears, the Seasonables, and the Formals, Missy Careers. This was the most various fashion market segments among 3 major department stores. This store had 667 Women\`s fashion and Casual brands. The Chamshil branch and Main store were intensified the Casual & sundry goods on 5th floor. 4. The fashion categories of the Hundai Department stores were segmented as Women\`s wears, Women\`s casuals, Young-Adult, Young live, Women\`s former wears, Royal beautique and Young characters. It was less segmented than other Department stores. Total number of Women\`s fashion and casual brands were 471 brands. The market segmentation of fashion zone was well done at Chunho branch and Shinchun branch. It was intensified that Fashion sundry goods at Muyeuk-Center branch and The Women and Young fashion zone at Chunho branch. 5. The fashion categories of the Shinsaegae Department stores were segmented as Casuals (young, young character, X-, missy, career, character), Imported beautique, Designer\`s characters, Young basics, Elegance, Missy, Young weave, Original brands. This store had 304 Women\`s fashion and Casual brands. Shinsaegae has also developed it\`s own brand(PB items) and classified as the Original zone which differentiated it from other Departments. 6. The Deco was the most popular brand in the department stores, the next were Micha/Botticelli, and followed by Darks/System/lzzat Baba, Givy/Obzee/Lee won jae/Kim yeon Joo, and so on. The target of 6 out of 10 brands which were included in here were career women of age 20 to 30 ages. The price rate were from 200,000 won to 300,000 won.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.878-885
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• 2009

The Y generation born between 1981 and 1995 is the largest consumer group in the United States. This study is to provide an insight of understanding Y generation's decision factors of purchasing Jeans and the fit issues. This study investigated their purchasing decisions factors, including fit, cost, brand, color, and the media/internet influences. It is revealed that the Y generation might have access to the internet, but they still rely more on their peers and savvy skills to decide what they purchase. They preferred to shop from the land based retail stores rather than the internet. The fit was the most important factor of their purchasing decision, but less concerns of the brand. In this study, 87% of them chose "fit" as the reason to buy a pair of jeans. Fit problems were related to the price category. This study suggests apparel manufacturers should understand Y generation's fit issues in the global market.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.532-549
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• 2017

This study identifies the pet-name using the celebrity's endorser and the pet-naming effect by the subject of creating brand identity. For this study, pet-naming types are made up of 3 types(non pet-named/pet-naming by company intention/pet-naming by customer's word of mouth). As the results of this study, pet-naming types affects the perceived value. The perceived value has a perfect mediating effect between pet-naming types and consumer response. Also, the level of informative interpersonal influence has significant interaction effect between pet-naming types and perceived value. The research, therefore, reaches several important conclusions. First, when the pet-naming types were consisted, customer's brand identity creating phenomenon was included. Second, pet-naming types affects the confirmed perceived value which is the customer's view. Third, susceptibility to interpersonal influence was differently identified with normative interpersonal influences and informative interpersonal influences. Furthermore, this study analyzes the market's behavior trends, and in extend the progression of pet-name marketing.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.136-153
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• 2020

In the second half of the twentieth century, fashion shows were a long-standing promotional medium and changed form and styles as times changed. In the past, if a model were on the stage simply to showcase a brand's work, the stage would have been transformed into a more active space, displaying various performances or seasonal themes combined with art. Then in the 2000s, there was an increasing number of instances when the global fashion industry of used figurative objet in organizing a fashion show's stage. In particular, because fashion shows require audience response and satisfaction, producing displays using objet is an effective marketing method. In the early 2000s, many brands were already introducing runway displays using objet, and these cases are expected to increase further in the future. This collection of 23 ready-to-wear models, which constituted the runway display, was by utilizing the objet more than five times from the 485 brands listed in Vogue's runway category. Based on our previous research, we classified the objet expressive characteristics as reproducibility, simplicity, non-artificiality, and fantasy. Among the 207 collections that we analyzed, the collection that utilized objet in its runway display had 170 circuits. Using objet in the runway display leverages visual language which allows one to communicate the season's concept, brand identity, and desired message more easily. Futhermore, it was spatially expressed to create feeling of satisfaction.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.422-431
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• 2012

In the era of cultural contents, developing diverse materials is very useful in providing abundant contents of the cultural industry. Among diverse materials, systematizing and specializing materials that have been verified historically and culturally, and linking them with other fields are creating more possibilities. This study is a contemplation on useful methods that expand the range and characteristic by linking with the food culture, based on the placeness that comes from historical facts possessed by the figure. As for the range of the place, the focus was put on the places that are related to Admiral Yi, Sun-sin historically and culturally, and regions that attempted native foods development were selected. Therefore, this study attempted to establish regional identities and contribute to setting effective directions for developing and vitalizing native food brands, by expanding the category of the contents of the historical figure who represents the region.