• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.162-165
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• 1992

The fine structure branching ratio and Doppler profiles of photofragment Cl ($^{2}P_{j}$) atoms from photodissociation of CINO around 236 nm in the A band have been measured by the two photon resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization technique. The measured branching ratio, $Cl^{\ast} (^{2}P_{1/2})/Cl (^{2}P_{3/2})$ is $0.18{\pm}0.02$. The Doppler profile of Cl is well reproduced assuming that one of the two components in the photofragment translational spectra reported by Haas, Felder, and Huber [Chem. Phys. Lett., 180, 293 (1990)] should correspond to Cl and that an anisotropy parameter $\beta$ for the angular distribution is 0.45. The results suggest that CINO dissociation in the A band should consist of at least two non-crossing electronic states which correlate to the formation of $Cl^* and Cl, respectively.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.415-420
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• 2023

The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve, which innervates the legs and feet. Anatomical variations of this nerve at the ankle are commonly found. The variation of the tibial nerve in its branching point and cross-sectional area (CSA) at the ankle is commonly related to clinical condition such as foot neuropathy. Knowledge of these variations can support the clinician in making appropriate clinical decisions. This review aims at providing knowledge on the anatomical variations of tibial nerve at ankle, as well as its clinical correlation. This review outlined the variation of the terminal branching point and CSA of the tibial nerve at the ankle in cadaveric and clinical studies.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.457-464
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• 2008

An extracellular enzyme (RMEBE) possessing ${\alpha}-(1{\rightarrow}4)-(1{\rightarrow}6)$-transferring activity was purified to homogeneity from Rhodothermus marin us by combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, Q-Sepharose ion-exchange, and Superdex-200 gel filtration chromatographies, and preparative native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme had an optimum pH of 6.0 and was highly thermostable with a maximal activity at $80^{\circ}C$. Its half-life was determined to be 73.7 and 16.7 min at 80 and $85^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was also halophilic and highly halotolerant up to about 2M NaCl, with a maximal activity at 0.5M. The substrate specificity of RMEBE suggested that it possesses partial characteristics of both glucan branching enzyme and neopullulanase. RMEBE clearly produced branched glucans from amylose, with partial ${\alpha}-(1{\rightarrow}4)$-hydrolysis of amylose and starch. At the same time, it hydrolyzed pullulan partly to panose, and exhibited ${\alpha}-(1{\rightarrow}4)-(1{\rightarrow}6)$-transferase activity for small maltooligosaccharides, producing disproportionated ${\alpha}-(1{\rightarrow}6)$-branched maltooligosaccharides. The enzyme preferred maltopentaose and maltohexaose to smaller maltooligosaccharides for production of longer branched products. Thus, the results suggest that RMEBE might be applied for production of branched oligosaccharides from small maltodextrins at high temperature or even at high salinity.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.3277-3285
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• 1996

In this paper, w designed an opical power distribution device for application to an optical switching and an optical subscriber loop. We fabricated PSG thin film by LPCVD. Based on the measured index of fabricted thin film, rib-type waveguide was transformed to two-dimension by the effective index method and we simulated dispersion property to find asingle-mode condition. We found that the optimum design parameters of rib-type waveguide are:cladding layer of 3.mu.m, core layer of 3.mu.m, buffer layer of 10.mu.m, and core width of 4.mu.m. Each side of the guiding region was etched down to 4.mu.m to shape the core. We used these optimum parameters of the rib-type waveguide with branching angle of 0.5.deg. and simulted the Y-branch waveguide by the BPM simulation. Numerical loss in branching area was claculated to be 0.1581dB and equal to the total loss of the Y-branch. The loss of the fabricated Y-branch waveguide on PSG film ws 1.6dB at .lambda.=1.3.mu.m before annealing but was 1.2dB after annealing at 1000.deg. C for 10 minutes. Consequently, the loss of branching area from 3000.mu.m to 6000.mu.m in the z-direction was 0.8dB, and single-mode propagation was confirmed by measuring the near field pattern. For coupling the fabricated Y-branch waveguide with an optical fiber, we fabricated V-groove which was used as the upholder of optical fiber. An etching angle was 54.deg. and the width and depth of guiding groove was 150.mu.m, 70.mu.m, respectively. The optical fiber is inserted onto V-groove. Both the Y-branch and V-groove were connected through the index matching oil. Coupling loss after connecting Y-branch and the optical fiber on V-groove was 0.34dB and that after injecting index mateching oil was 0.14dB.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 1997

The three-dimensional flow analysis using the finite volume method is presented to compare the steady flow characteristics of blood with those of blood substitutes such as water and aqueous polymer solution in an idealized double branching model. The model is used to simlllate the region of the abdominal aorta near the celiac and superior mesenteric branches. Apparent viscosities of blood and the aqueous Separan solution are represented as a function of shear rate by the Carreau model, Water and aqueoiu Separan AP-273 500wppm solution are frequently used as blood substitutes in vitro experiments. Water is a typical Newtonian fluid and blood and Separan solution are non-Newtonian fluids. Flow phenomena such as velocity distribution, pressure variation and wall shear stress distribution of water, blood and polymer solution are quite different due to differences of the rheological characteristics of fluids. Flow phenomena of polymer solution are qualitatively similar to those of blood but the phenomena of water are quite different from those of blood and polymer solution. It is recommended that a lion-Newtonian fluid which exhibits very similar rheological behavior to blood be used in vitro experiments. A non-Newtonian fluid whose rheological characteristics are very similar to those of blood should be used to obtain the meaninylll hemodynamic data for blood flow in vitro experiment and by numerical analysis

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.233-241
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• 2020

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of high frequency therapy applied to the region branching to the external carotid artery for peripheral facial paralysis sequelae. A patient suffering with facial edema due to facial paralysis sequelae had been treated with acupuncture, high frequency therapy on the branch area to the external carotid artery for 7 weeks. The evaluation of clinical outcome was done by degree of swelling by measuring the distance of the face and skin temperature of face through digital infrared thermographic imaging. After treatment, the patient's degree of swelling and the temperature difference between the affected side and normal side was decreased. In addition, the temperature was changed in the entire facial area as well as the treatment point of high frequency therapy. This result shows that acupuncture combined with high frequency therapy at the region branching to the external carotid artery could be an effective way to improve facial blood flow, although further clinical studies will be needed.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of artificial light sources with different light qualities on the growth and flowering characteristics of a herbaceous long-day plant, Petunia ${\times}$ hybrida Hort. Seedlings of petunia cultivar 'Madness Rose' were potted, acclimated for one week, and grown in a phytotron equipped with tube- and bulb-type fluorescent lamps (FL tube and bulb), tube-type white light-emitting diodes (LED tube), halogen lamps (HL), metal halide lamps (MH), and high pressure sodium lamps (HPS) for 10 weeks. The temperature, photoperiod, and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in the phytotron were $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 16 h, and $25{\pm}2{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. Light sources combined with HL promoted stem elongation, and plant height and internode length decreased with increasing red to far-red (R:FR) ratio. FL tube + LED tube, HPS, and FL tube promoted branching, whereas plants grown under light sources combined with HL did not have any branches. Days to flowering (from longest to shortest) occurred as follows: FL tube + HL > FL tube + HL > MH > HPS = FL tube + FL bulb > FL tube + LED tube > LED tube > FL tube, indicating that reducing the R:FR ratio of the light sources promoted flowering. Only 20% of plants grown under an FL tube flowered, whereas under all other treatments, 100% of plants flowered. At 10 weeks after treatment, plants grown under HPS and MH had (cumulatively) 12 open flowers, and those grown under FL tube + FL bulb, LED tube, FL tube + LED tube, and HPS treatment had approximately seven flower buds. These results suggest that light sources with low R:FR ratios promote flowering and stem elongation in petunia, but they reduce its ornamental value due to overgrowth and poor branching.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2000

Objective: To describe the thin-section CT findings of arc-welders' pneumoconiosis. Materials and Methods: Eighty-five arc-welders with a three to 30 (mean, 15)-year history of exposure underwent thin-section CT scanning. The extent of abnormalities detected was correlated with the severity of dyspnea and pulmonary function tests. For comparison, images of 43 smoking males (mean 25 pack-year) who underwent thin-section CT for other reasons (smokers' group) were also analyzed. Results: Fifty-four welders (63.5%) and six smokers (14.0%) showed positive findings. Predominant thin-section CT findings were poorly-defined centrilobular micronodules (30/54, 55.6%), branching linear structure (18/54, 33.3%), and ground-glass attenuation (6/54, 11.1%). In the smokers' group, poorly-defined micronodules were found in four patients, branching linear structures in one, and ground-glass attenuation in one. In welders, the extent of abnormalities seen on thin-section CT showed no significant correlation with the severity of dyspnea or the results of pulmonary funotion test. Conclusion: Poorly-defined centrilobular micronodules and branching linear structures were the thin-section CT findings most frequently seen in patients with arc-welders' pneumoconiosis. Less commonly, extensive ground-glass attenuation was also seen.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.245-250
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• 2012

Branched polypropylenes (PP) with long chain branch were prepared by solid state reaction with three different branching agent of 0.3 wt% content. The chemical structures, non-isothermal crystallization behavior and complex viscosity of the branched PP were investigated by FTIR, DSC, optical microscope, and dynamic rheological measurement. The chemical structure of the branched PP was confirmed by the existence of =C-H stretching peak of the branching agent at 3100 $cm^{-1}$. There was no distinct change in melting temperature in case of PP-D-0-3 and PP-F-0-3, but PP-H-0-3 indicated a decrease in melting temperature. The decrease in melting temperature was interpreted by the fact that the degradation reaction of PP was more dominant than branched reaction, and confirmed by a decrease in complex viscosity. The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of the branched PP was analyzed using by Avrami equation. The Avrami exponent of PP was 3, and the values of the branched PP with DVB and FS were below 3. The activation energy of PP calculated by Kissinger method was 25 kJ/mol, and there were no big difference in activation energies of the branched PPs compared to PP.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.679-684
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• 2011

Branched polypropylenes (LCB-PP) with a long chain branch were prepared by the solid-state and molt-state reaction. Divinylbenzene (DVB), 1,4-benzenediol (RES), and furfuryl sulphide (FS) were used as branching agents of fabricate LCB-PP/silicate composites. Chemical structures, thermal properties, and rheological properties of the LCB-PP were determined by FT-IR, DSC, TGA, and dynamic rheometer (ARES). The chemical structure of the LCB-PP was confirmed by the existence of =C-H stretching peak of the branching agent at $3100cm^{-1}$. From DSC and TGA results, the melting reaction was more effective than the solid state reaction in the manufacture of LCB-PP, which was additionally certified by rheological properties. Based on rheological properties, FS was the best for branching efficiency of PP. Compared to PP, LCB-PPs indicated an increase of complex viscosity in the low frequency and shear thinning tendency, and G'-G" plot represented an increase in elasticity and the heterogeneousness in a melt state. Rheological properties of LCB-PP/silicate composites were observed with the silicate content. When 5 wt% silicate was added in LCB-PP, distinct changes in the shear thinning and the slope of G'-G" plots were observed.