• International Journal of Stem Cells
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.41-59
• /
• 2022

The emergence of brain organoids as a model system has been a tremendously exciting development in the field of neuroscience. Brain organoids are a gateway to exploring the intricacies of human-specific neurogenesis that have so far eluded the neuroscience community. Regardless, current culture methods have a long way to go in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. To perfectly mimic the human brain, we need to recapitulate the complex in vivo context of the human fetal brain and achieve mature neural circuitry with an intact cytoarchitecture. In this review, we explore the major challenges facing the current brain organoid systems, potential technical breakthroughs to advance brain organoid techniques up to levels similar to an in vivo human developing brain, and the future prospects of this technology.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.25-37
• /
• 1997

The present experiment was designed to examine catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, amino acids. malondialdehyde(MDA) and free radical scavenging activity, by administering Chilbokyeum extracts of a variety of concentration to senile brain rats. The results were summarized as followings ; 1. Chilbokyeum significantly increased noradrenalin in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of the brain tissue of senile rats, ad even though Chilbokyeum increased noradrenalin also in other brain tissue, there was no significance. 2. Chilbokyeum had no effects on dopamine changes in all brain tissue of senile rats.3. Chilbokyeum significantly increased 5-hydroxy-tryptamine in cerebellum, but decreased in other brain tissue.4. Chilbokyeum increased amino in the brain tissue of senile rats. 5. Chilbokyeum significantly decreased MDA and free radical in the brain tissue of senile rats. According to the above results, Chilbokyeum is assumed to improve brain function by reaction by reacting on biochemical of the senile brain, and that Chilbokyeum can be used to treat regressive brain disease carrying symptoms of psychoactive disorders.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.107-124
• /
• 1998

The present experiment was desined to examine catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, amino acids, malondialdehyde(MDA) and free radical scavening activity, by administering Cheonmagudeungyeum extract of a variety of concentraction to senile brain The results were summarized as followings: 1. Cheonmagudeungyeum significantly increased noradrenaline in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of the brain tissue of senile rats, and even though Cheonmagudeungyeum increased noradrenaline also in other brain tissue, there was no significance. 2. Cheonmagudeungyeum had no effects on dopamine changes in all brain tissue of senile rats. 3. Cheonmagudeungyeum significantly increased 5-hydrotryptamine in cerebellum, but decreased in other brain tissue. 4. Cheonmagudeungyeum increased amino acid in the brain tissue of senile rats. 5. Cheonmagudeungyeum significantly decresed MDA and free radical in the brain tissue of senile rats. According to the above results, Cheonmagudeungyeum is assumed to improve brain function by reacting on biochemical of the senile brain, and that Cheonmagudeungyeum can be used to treat regressive brain disease carrying symptoms of psychoactive disorders.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.107-107
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine that the efflux transport system for choline from brain to blood is present at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using brain efflux index (BEI) method. ［$^3$H］Choline was microinjected into parietal cortex area 2 (Par2) region of rat brain, and was eliminated from the brain with an apparent elimination half life of 45 min. The BBB efflux clearance of ［$^3$H］choline was 0.12 $m\ell$/min/g brain, which was calculated from the efflux rate constant (1.5${\times}$10$\^$-2/ min$\^$-1/) and the distribution volume in the brain slice (8.1 $m\ell$/g brain). This process was saturable and significantly inhibited by various organic cationic compounds including hemicholinium-3, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and verapamil, by antioxidant, ${\alpha}$-phenyl-n-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), and by Alzheimer's disease therapeutics, such as acetyl $\ell$-carnitine and tacrine. In conclusion, this finding is the first direct in vivo evidence that choline is transported from brain to the blood across the BBB via a carrier-mediated efflux transport process.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.185-201
• /
• 1998

The present experiment was desined to examine catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine, amino acids, malondialdehyde(MDA) and free radical scavening activity, by administering Samultang extract of a variety of concentraction to senile brain The results were summarized as followings: 1. Samultang significantly increased noradrenaline in the cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus of the brain tissue of senile rats, and even though Samultang increased noradrenaline also in other brain tissue, there was no significance. 2. Samultang had effects on dopamine changes in hypothalamus of the brain tissue of senile rats. 3. Samultang significantly increased 5-hydrotryptamine in pons-medulla oblongota and cerebellum, but decreased in hypothalamus. 4. Samultang increased amino acid in the brain tissue of senile rats. 5. Samultang significantly decresed lipid peroxide production in the brain tissue of senile rats. 6. Samultang significantly decresed MDA and free radical in the brain tissue of senile rats. According to the above results, Samultang is assumed to improve brain function by reacting on biochemical of the senile brain, and that Samultang can be used to treat regressive brain disease carrying symptoms of psychoactive disorders.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.562-573
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of teaching-learning programs from the perspective of brain-based learning science. Four units in 5th grade elementary science programs of the Revised 2007 National Curriculum were selected as contents to study. As the brain-based learning science analysis method, equations of the brain compatibleness index (BCI) and contribution degree on the brain compatibleness index (BCICRE) were applied to them. This study showed that there were qualitative and quantitative differences among the analyzed teaching-learning programs through the unit and curriculum. The results showed that hands-on activities like experiments or open inquiry activities improved their evaluation of the teaching-learning programs. From the analyzing, teachers can judge whether each teaching-learning program made considered the brain of the learners. Furthermore, this study can provide useful information to consult of various science teaching-learning programs brain-based learning.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.1995-1997
• /
• 2012

Background: Brain metastasis from cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare but fatal event. To the best of our knowledge, only few cases have been reported. Herein, we report the incident rate and a first case series of brain metastases from CCA. Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2010 5,164 patients were treated at Srinagarind hospital, Khon Kaen University; of those, 8 patients developed brain metastasis. Here we reviewed clinical data and survival times. Results: The incident rate of brain metastases from CCA was 0.15%. The median age of the patients was 60 years. Tumor subtypes were intrahepatic in 6 and hilar in 2 patients. All suffered from symptoms related to brain metastasis. Three patients were treated with whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), one of whom also underwent surgery. The median survival after the diagnosis of brain metastasis was 9.5 weeks (1-28 weeks). The longest survival observed in a patient in RPA class I with two brain lesions and received WBRT. Conclusion: This is a first case series of brain metastases from CCA with the incident rate of 0.15%. It is rare and associated with short survival time.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.48-56
• /
• 1999

This study has been carried out to investigate Brain in Nei-jing. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Kidney energy becomes the marrow by warm caring function of Meong-mun(命門) and the marrow becomes brain by ascending and gathering between a hole Back-hoi(百會) and a hole pung-ji(風池) 2. Brain is a sea of the marrow that five vital organs are eraporated togather. 3. In Nei-jing(內經), there is a explanation the connectin between brain and mind, thanking by drawing in a concept of head. 4. Brain regulrates physical excercise. 5. There is a direct connection between brain and biosis. 6. Brain achieves function of sense, relating with the five sensory organs. 7. Brain controls a change of emotion. 8. Brain has immunological function.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
• /
• v.33 no.51
• /
• pp.329.1-329.9
• /
• 2018

Background: Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely performed to identify brain lesions in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). We aimed to investigate the prevalence and type of brain lesions among Korean girls with CPP and evaluate the need for routine brain MRI examinations. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated data on 3,528 girls diagnosed with CPP from April 2003 to December 2016, and identified 317 girls who underwent sellar MRI. Exclusion criteria were patients with a known brain tumor or who did not undergo brain MRI due to refusal or the decision of the pediatric endocrinologist. Results: Normal sellar MRI findings were observed in 291 of the 317 girls (91.8%). Incidental findings were observed in 26 girls (8.2%). None of the patients had pathological brain lesions. Conclusion: The prevalence of intracranial lesions among girls who were generally healthy and without neurological symptoms but diagnosed with CPP was lower than that previously reported. Furthermore, none of the identified lesions required treatment. It may be prudent to reconsider the routine use of brain MRI to screen all patients with CPP, especially if they are healthy and neurologically asymptomatic, and are girls aged 6-8 years.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.231-247
• /
• 1993

This study was designed to confirm the effect of dietary protein level and oral administration of tryptophan on brain serotonin metabolism. Two animal experiments were conducted. The objectives and results of research were as follows : In the first experiment, it was investigated whether administration of reserpine to Sprague-Dawley rats fed 6% or 20% casein diet induced decrease in serum tryptophan and large neutral amino acid(LNAA) concentrations, tryptophan/LNAA concentration ratio, brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA) contents. Brain serotonin content of 6% casein diet group was lower than those of 20% casein diet group. Both 6% and 20% casein diet groups administered with reserpine to induce the analogous depression, showed the notable decrease in brain serotonin content when they were compared with 20% casein diet group not administered with reserpine. Serum tryptophan/LNAA ration and brain 5-HIAA content showed a tendency similar to the change of serotonin content, but the mean difference among all groups was not significant. From these results, it could be said that when the dietary protein level was low, brain serotonin content was decrease. The second experimnt was to see the change in serum tryptophan concentration and tryptophan/LNAA ratio and brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-HIAA content when tryptophan was administered orally to the animals treated with reserpine. Serum tryptophan concentration tended to increase in both reserpine-treated 6% and 20% casein diet groups administered with tryptophan, especially in the 6% casein diet group. Serum tryptophan/LNAA concentration ratio tended to incrase in reserpine-tteated 6% casein diet group, while decrease in reserpine-treated 20% casein diet group. Brain tryptophan content was increased in both reserpine-treated 6% and 20% casein diet groups. However, brain serotonin content of reserpine-treated 6% casein diet group showed a tendency to decrease, while that of reserpine-treated 20% casein group increase. Consequently, the effect of tryptophan administration on increase of brain tryptophan and serotonin content in animals treated with reserpine was far more excellent in 20% casein diet groups. It was concluded that dietary protein intake and tryptophan administration increase brain serotonin level. Accordingly, it was possible to confirm that brain function, particularly in aspect of behavior related to the serotonin, was changed with manipulation of dietary composition.