• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.139-149
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• 2010

The present study was carried out to elucidate whether an environmental strain of Cryptococcus neoformans (environmental C. neoformans) isolated from an environmental source in a park of Busan has an acute pathophysiological effect in rats. On the second day after peritoneal inoculation of environmental C. neoformans, adverse effects occurred from the viewpoint of hematology and biochemistry. Eosinophil damages and crystal formations were found in the blood. Disturbances in cytokines production were observed in the cerebral and pulmonary tissues. Fungal budding existed in the brain, lung, liver and kidney. Tissue injury findings such as inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, bleeding, or degeneration were found in the brain, lung, liver and kidney. The present data suggest that the environmental C. neoformans can cause systematically harmful effects even for short periods of infection (two days of cryptococcal infection) and the adverse effects are summarized as immune derangements and biochemical and/or histological dysfunction and injury on major organ such as the brain, lung, liver and kidney in the immunocompetent hosts. Further studies should be focused on comparing the differences between environmental and clinical strains of C. neoformans.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 1988

This experiment is carried out to study alteration of phospholipid compoent in liver, kidney, testis, and brain tissues of male rats which are fed selenium added high fat diets for 7 weeks. The phospholipids of these tissues are analyzed by TLC method. The results are as follows. 1. The growth rate and food intake levels are not affected by selenium-added high fat diets. 2. The levels of total cholesterol, total lipid and TBA are lower in selenium-added diets than selenium free diets 3. The total phospholipid levels of each tissue are kidney > brain > testis > liver and the levels of phospholipid component are Le>Sph>Ce>LLe for kidney and liver, Le>Sph>LLe>Ce for testis and brain.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1997

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of total saponins from Korean red ginseng on the biosynthesis of inositol phospholipids in vivo and also effects on the metabolic enzymes, such as phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C(Pl-PLC) and PI-kinases. The administration of 0.1% saponin solution, 0.1 ml 3 times a day intraperitoneally to 5 mice for 30 days has increased a 23% of the body weight when it compared with a control group. The amounts of 32P-phoschorus radioactivity incorporated into the phosphoinositides from the liver and brain tissues have increased a 310% and 260%, respectively, in the saponin treated mice. The activities of PI-PLC from liver and brain were stimulated in the various amounts by the conditions treated with saponins. The PI-kinases from liver and brain were also activated by saponins, but its effect was lower than that of PI-PLC. From these results, it was confirmed that red ginseng saponins have affected positively not only on the biosynthesis of phosphoinositides but also on the PI-PLC and PI-kinases related to the cellular signal transduction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 1983

Sprague Dawley pregnant rats were fed the hydrogenated coconut oil (P/S 0.02), corn-oil plus beef tallow (P/S 1.0), and corn-oil(P/S 4.0)diet during the 14 days of gestation and through lactation. At weaning, offsprings from each group were divided into two and corn- oil diet was switched to coconut and vice versa, while the other corresponding groups continud the same diet. Body, brain, and liver weights were measured on pups and the brains were analyzed for DNA and vitamin E. Serum and liver vitamin E levels were alse measured. Body weight of coconut group was significantly low throughout the 7 week period, but brain weight was significantly depressed before weaning. Liver weight showed similar pattern with the body weight. Serum vitamin levels increased before weaning, while tissue vitamin E increased after weaning. Serum vitamin E levels of switched groups were similar to that of P/S 1.0 group. Brain vitamin E levels per DNA of switched groups were also similar to that of P/S 1.0 group. And the effect of different dietary essential fatty acid levels on vitamin E in the brain during lactation found to be insignificant.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.389-399
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• 2004

Metallothionein (MT), a small protein molecule which can bind or release metal ions, is involved in the regulation of cellular metal homeostasis. This study was investigated the accumulation of cadmium in blood, tissue (liver, kidney and brain), and the effect of cadmium on several key genes (MT-I, MT-II, ZnT-1) in zinc metabolism in the mouse. Mouses weighing 20∼25 g were randomly assigned to control and cadmium treated group (Cd group). Cd group was intraperitoneally injected with cadmium 2, 4, 8 mg/kg and control group was administerd with saline. Mouses of each group were sacrificed by decapitation 4 hours after the administration of cadmium. Cadmium contents in blood, liver, kidney and brain were increased by a dose-dependent manner. Accumulation of cadmium was mainly occurred in liver and kidney. Induction of MT-I and MT-II protein was increased, but ZnT-1 expression was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by the treatment of 2∼8 mg/kg cadmium. These results suggested that cadmium can be transported to brain and alter the expression of several key genes in zinc homeostasis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2017

Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) virus is a causative agent of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. In our previous study we reported a prevalence of CAE. In this study, we described the further detailed pathological features of CAE and examined the detection of virus by in situ hybridization (ISH). Histopathologically, interstitial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in lung, focal inflammation in mammary glands, perivascular cuffing in brain, arthritis, and focal necrosis, mild steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration of liver were noted. CAEV proviral-DNA was identified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood cells, brain, synovial fluid, and lymph node. Confirmation by nested PCR involved amplification of a 296 bp ($1^{st}$ PCR) and 185 bp ($2^{nd}$ PCR) fragments corresponding to a conserved region on the gag gene of CAEV. Positive ISH signals were detected in the brain and liver. In conclusion, significant histopathological findings included parenchymal infection in various organs, including the lung, liver, brain, joint, and mammary gland were noted in the CAEV infected dairy goat. ISH can help confirm the diagnosis of CAE in formalin-fixed samples.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1983

There has been some evidence concerning the fact that trihalomethanes(THMs), toxic chlorinated compounds, may be present in drinking water. One of the important methodologies to evaluate the toxicity of THMs is to determine enzyme alteration in experimental animal tissues after treatment. This study was intended to investigate how lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) of rat tissues is affected by administration of chloroform($CHCl_3$) and dichloromonobromomethane($CHCl_2\;Br$). THMs, high dose(1/10 LD50) or low dose(1/50 LD50) of $CHCl_3$ or $CHCl_{2}Br$ were administered orally to experimental rats for 4 or 8 weeks. The treated groups of rats were sacrificed to determine LDH specific activity and isozyme pattern in various organs which were liver, thigh muscle, kidney and brain. The conclusions were obtained as follows: 1. Alteration of LDH activities and isozyme patterns were revealed before morphologic changes in tissues. 2. The LDH specific activities were increased significantly in liver and brain after administration of high concentrations of $CHCl_3$ and $CHCl_{2}Br$ for 4 weeks respectively. Otherwise, they were decreased significantly in liver, muscle and kidney after administration for 8 weeks. 3. The isozyme activities of LDH-4 and LDH-5 were increased in muscle, brain, and especially the liver. 4. It was more distinct for the decrement of LDH H-type isozyme than the increment of M-type isozyme in muscle.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.167-180
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• 1992

This study has been carried out to investigate the cause and originative mechanism of vertigo by referring to 46 literatures. The results were as follows; 1. The 1st factors causing vertigo are exuberance of fire in the Liver (肝火偏亢). and ascending of Yang of Wind (風陽升動) resulting from thought excess (思慮太過) and melancholy (憂鬱). 2. The 2nd factors causing vertigo is a malnurtrient of the brain resulting from dispersion of the Liver function (肝血虛) and failure in ascending of the Clear Yang (淸陽不升) due to hemorrhage and so on. 3. The 3rd factors causing vertigo are failure in ascending to the Brain and deficiency of blood of the Liver (肝血虛) resulting from the injury of the essence of the Kidney (肝精虧損). 4. The 4th factors causing vertigo is a ascending of exogenous pathogenic factors (外邪) to the Brain on deficiency state. 5. The 1st factors causing vertigo are Stagnatum of clear Yang (淸陽不振) and pershing of Yang (亡陽) resulting from loss of water and damage of active thin body fluid (津氣虧損). 6. The obesity is beonged to excessiveness Symptom-Complex (實證) and the thin to deficiency Symptom-complex (虛證). 7. The vertigo is connective with the Live (肝), Spleen (脾) and the Kidney (腎), but among those, most intimative viscera is the Liver (肝).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.438-442
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• 2005

A series of 3-[1-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) ethyl]-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione (I) and its bicyclic condensed derivatives 6-benzylidenethiazolo[3,2-b]-1, 2,4-triazole-5(6H)-ones (IIa-IIf) were investigated for the prevention of ethanol-induced oxidative stress in liver and brain of mice. Administration of ethanol (0.1 mL/mice, p.o.) resulted in a drop of total thiol groups (T-SH) and non-protein thiol groups (NP-SH), and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in both liver and brain tissue of mice (p<0.001). Among the compounds investigated (at a dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o.), I and IId ameliorated the peroxidative injury in these tissues effectively. Compounds IIa, IIc and IIe improved the peroxidative tissue injury only in brain. These findings suggest that certain condensed thiazolo-triazole compounds may contribute to the control of ethanol-induced oxidative stress in an organ selective manner.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Galhwahyejung-tang (GHT) on alcohol-induced oxidative stress in rat model. Methods: Twenty SD rats were orally administrated with 40% ethanol (mL/kg) combined with GHT (50, 100, 200mg/kg) or distilled water for 2 weeks. Biochemistry in blood, malondialdehyde (MDA), total reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum, liver, brain, and kidney were determined. Results: GHT treatment significantly ameliorated the alcohol-induced alteration of hepatic enzyme; especially AST and ALT. GHT treatment also ameliorated the increase of MDA in liver, ROS level in serum and brain. GHT treatment reduced the depletion of antioxidant capacity in serum and brain. Conclusion: These results that GHT has antioxidant properties explaining the relevance of clinical application and its partial mechanisms of GHT.