• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.spc8
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• pp.2955-2959
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• 2011

Second-order rate constants for nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2,4-dinitrophenyl benzenesulfonate 1a with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in MeCN have been measured spectrophotometrically and compared with those reported previously for the corresponding reactions performed in aqueous medium to investigate the effect of medium on reactivity and reaction mechanism. The amines employed in this study are found to be more reactive in the aprotic solvent than in $H_2O$. The reactions of 1a in MeCN result in a linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.58, which contrasts to the curved Br${\o}$nsted-type plot reported previously for the corresponding reactions performed in the aqueous medium (i.e., ${\beta}_2$ = 0.86 and ${\beta}_1$ = 0.38). Accordingly, it has been concluded that the reaction mechanism changes from a stepwise mechanism to a concerted pathway upon changing the medium from $H_2O$ to MeCN. Reactions of Y-substituted phenyl benzenesulfonates 1a-c with piperidine in MeCN result in a linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot with ${\beta}_{lg}$ = -1.31, indicating that expulsion of the leaving group is significantly more advanced than bond formation in the transition state. The trigonal bipyramidal intermediate ($TBPy^{\pm}$) proposed previously for the reactions in $H_2O$ would be highly unstable in MeCN due to strong repulsion between the negative charge in $TBPy^{\pm}$ and the negative dipole end of MeCN. Thus, destabilization of $TBPy^{\pm}$ in MeCN has been concluded to change the reaction mechanism from a stepwise mechanism to a concerted pathway.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.3795-3799
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• 2013

The second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl 2-methylbenzoates (6a-e) with a series of cyclic secondary amines in MeCN at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. Comparison of the $k_N$ values for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl 2-methylbenzoate (6d) with those reported previously for the corresponding reactions of 4-nitrophenyl 2-methoxybenzoate (5) reveals that 6d is significantly less reactive than 5, indicating that modification of 2-MeO in the benzoyl moiety of 5 by 2-Me (i.e., $5{\rightarrow}6d$) causes a significant decrease in reactivity. This supports our previous report that aminolysis of 5 proceeds through a six-membered cyclic intermediate, which is highly stabilized through intramolecular H-bonding interactions. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 6d with a series of cyclic secondary amines is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}=0.71$, which appears to be a lower limit of ${\beta}_{nuc}$ for a stepwise mechanism with breakdown of an intermediate ($T^{\pm}$) being rate-determining step (RDS). The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 6a-e with piperidine is curved, i.e., the slope of Br${\o}$nsted-type plot (${\beta}_{lg}$) decreases from -1.05 to -0.41 as the leaving-group basicity decreases. The nonlinear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot has been taken as evidence for a stepwise mechanism with a change in RDS (e.g., from the $k_2$ step to the $k_1$ process as the leaving-group basicity decreases). Dissection of $k_N$ into the microscopic rate constants associated with the reactions of 6a-e with piperidine (e.g., $k_1$ and $k_2/k_{-1}$ ratio) also supports the proposed mechanism.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1907-1911
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• 2011

A kinetic study is reported for nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-pyridyl X-substituted benzoates 7a-e with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in H2O. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 4-pyridyl benzoate 7c is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.71. The corresponding reactions of 2-pyridyl benzoate 6, which is less reactive than 7c, resulted in also a linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.77. The fact that the more reactive 7c results in a smaller ${\beta}_{nuc}$ value appears to be in accord with the reactivity-selectivity principle. The aminolysis of 7c has been suggested to proceed through a stepwise mechanism in which breakdown of the intermediate is the rate-determining step (RDS). The Hammett plot for the reactions of 7a-e with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines, i.e., ${\rho}_X$ = 1.47 for substrates possessing an electron-donating group (EDG) and ${\rho}_X$ = 0.91 for those possessing an electron-withdrawing group (EWG). In contrast, the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits excellent linear correlation with ${\rho}_X$ = 0.79 and r = 0.56. Thus, it has been concluded that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in the RDS but is caused by stabilization of the ground state of the substrates possessing an EDG through resonance interaction between the EDG and the C=O bond of the substrates.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.471-476
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• 2014

A kinetic study on aminolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates (2a-k) in 80 mol % $H_2O/_20mol%$ DMSO at $25.0^{\circ}C$ is reported. The Br${\emptyset}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl benzoate (2g) with a series of cyclic secondary amines curves downward (e.g., ${\beta}_1=0.25$, ${\beta}_2=0.85$ and $pK_a^o=10.3$), which is typical of reactions reported to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with a change in ratedetermining step (RDS). The Hammett plot for the reactions of 2a-k with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines, while the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ${\rho}_X=1.15$ and r = 0.59. Thus, it has been concluded that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in RDS but is caused by stabilization of substrates through resonance interactions between the electron-donating substituent and the C=O bond. Substrates possessing a substituent at the 2-position of the leaving aryloxide deviate negatively from the curved Br${\emptyset}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl benzoates (3a-i), implying that the steric hindrance exerted by the substituent at the 2-position is an important factor which governs the reactivity of Y-substituted-phenyl benzoates.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.2135-2138
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• 2014

A kinetic study is reported for the SNAr reaction of 1-Y-substituted-phenoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzenes (1a-1h) with OH- in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The second-order rate constant ($k_{OH^-}$) increases as the substituent Y in the leaving group changes from an electron-donating group (EDG) to an electronwithdrawing group (EWG). The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 1a-1h is linear with ${\beta}_{lg}$ = -0.16, indicating that the reactivity of substrates 1a-1h is little affected by the leaving-group basicity. A linear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot with ${\beta}_{lg}=-0.3{\pm}0.1$ is typical for reactions reported previously to proceed through a stepwise mechanism in which formation of a Meisenheimer complex is the rate-determining step (RDS). The Hammett plot correlated with ${\sigma}_Y{^{\circ}}$ constants results in a much better correlation than that correlated with ${\sigma}_Y{^-}$constants, implyng that no negative charge is developing on the O atom of the leaving group (or expulsion of the leaving group is not advanced at all in the TS). This excludes a possibility that the $S_NAr$ reaction of 1a-1h with $OH^-$ proceeds through a concerted mechanism or via a stepwise pathway with expulsion of the leaving group being the RDS. Thus, the current reactions have been concluded to proceed through a stepwise mechanism in which expulsion of the leaving group occurs rapidly after the RDS.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.2403-2407
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• 2009

Second-order rate constants have been measured for two series of nucleophilic displacement reactions, i.e., reactions of 4-nitrophenyl benzoate with Z-substituted phenoxides and those of Y-substituted phenyl benzoates (1a-h) with 4-chlorophenoxide (4-ClPhO–) in 80 mol% $H_2O$/20 mol% DMSO at 25.0 ${\pm}\;0.1\;{^{\circ}C}$. The Br$\phi$nsted-type plot for reactions of 4-nitrophenyl benzoate with Z-substituted phenoxides exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.72. Reactions of 1a-h with 4-chlorophenoxide result in also a linear Br$\phi$nsted-type plot with ${\beta}_{lg}$ = –0.62, a typical ${\beta}_{lg}$ value for a concerted mechanism. The Hammett plots correlated with ${\sigma}^o\;and\;{\sigma}^-$ constants show many scattered points for reactions of 1a-h with 4-chlorophenoxide. In contrast, the corresponding Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with $\rho_Y$ = 2.26 and r = 0.53, indicating that expulsion of the leaving group occurs at the rate-determining step (RDS) either in a concerted mechanism or in a stepwise pathway. However, a stepwise mechanism with leaving group departure being the RDS is excluded since the leaving Y-substituted phenoxide is less basic and a better nucleofuge than the incoming 4-ClPh$O^-$. Thus, the reactions have been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism, in which bond formation between the nucleophile and electrophilic center is more advanced than expulsion of the leaving group in the transition state on the basis of the magnitude of ${\beta}_{nuc}\;and\;{\beta}_{lg}$ values.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1128-1132
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• 2014

A kinetic study on aminolysis of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates (6a-i) in MeCN is reported. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 6a-i with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines, while the Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ${\rho}_X$ = 1.03 and r = 0.78. The nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in rate-determining step (RDS) but is caused by the resonance stabilization of substrates possessing an electron-donating group in the benzoyl moiety. The Br${\phi}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl benzoate (6e) with a series of cyclic secondary amines is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}$ = 0.69, an upper limit for reactions reported to proceed through a concerted mechanism. The aminolysis of 6e in aqueous medium has previously been reported to proceed through a stepwise mechanism with a change in RDS on the basis of a curved Br${\phi}$nsted-type plot. It has been concluded that instability of the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate ($T^{\pm}$) in MeCN forces the reaction to proceed through a concerted mechanism. This is further supported by the kinetic result that the amines used in this study are less reactive in MeCN than in $H_2O$, although they are more basic in MeCN over 7 $pK_a$ units.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.689-693
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• 2010

Second-order rate constants ($k_{CN^-}$) have been measured for nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-substituted phenyl benzoates (1a-r) with $CN^-$ ion in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot is linear with ${\beta}_{1g}$ = -0.49, a typical ${\beta}_{1g}$ value for reactions reported to proceed through a concerted mechanism. Hammett plots correlated with ${\sigma}^{\circ}$ and ${\sigma}^-$ constants exhibit many scattered points. In contrast, the Yukawa-Tsuno plot for the same reaction exhibits excellent linearity with ${\rho}_Y$ = 1.37 and r = 0.34, indicating that a negative charge develops partially on the oxygen atom of the leaving aryloxide in the rate-determining step (RDS). Although two different mechanisms are plausible (i.e., a concerted mechanism and a stepwise pathway in which expulsion of the leaving group occurs at the RDS), the reaction has been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism on the basis of the magnitude of ${\beta}_{1g}$ and ${\rho}_Y$ values.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.2455-2460
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• 2013

Second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for the nucleophilic displacement reactions of 4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-cinnamates (4a-4e) and Y-substituted-phenyl cinnamates (5a-5e) with Z-substituted-phenoxide anions in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The Hammett plot for the reactions of 4a-4e with 4-chlorophenoxide (4-$ClPhO^-$) consists of two intersecting straight lines, which might be taken as a change in the rate-determining step (RDS). However, it has been concluded that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not due to a change in the RDS but is caused by stabilization of the ground state of substrates possessing an electron-withdrawing group in the cinnamoyl moiety through resonance interactions, since the Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ${\rho}X=0.89$ and r = 0.58. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl cinnamate (4c) with Z-substituted-phenoxides is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}=0.76$. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl cinnamates (5a-5d) with 4-chlorophenoxides (4-$ClPhO^-$) is also linear with ${\beta}_{lg}=-0.72$. The Hammett plot correlated with ${\sigma}^-$ constants for the reactions of 5a-5d results in a much better linear correlation than that correlated with ${\sigma}^o$ constants, indicating that a partial negative charge develops on the O atom of the leaving aryloxide. Thus, the reactions have been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.214-218
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• 2009

Second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured for nucleophilic substitution reactions of S-4-nitrophenyl thiobenzoate with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in $H_2O$ containing 20 mol % DMSO at 25.0 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ${^{\circ}C}$. The Br$\phi$nsted-type plot exhibits a downward curvature, i.e., $\beta_{nuc}$ decreases from 0.94 to 0.34 as the amine basicity increases. The reactions in the aqueous DMSO have also been suggested to proceed through a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T${\pm}$) with change in the RDS on the basis of the curved Br$\phi$nsted-type plot. The reactions in the aqueous DMSO exhibit larger $k_N$ values than those in the aqueous EtOH. The macroscopic rate constants ($k_N$) for the reactions in the two solvent systems have been dissected into the microscopic rate constants ($k_1\;and\;k_2/k_{-1}$ ratio) to investigate effect of medium on reactivity in the microscopic level. It has been found that the $k_2/k_{-1}$ ratios are similar for the reactions in the two solvent systems, while $k_1$ values are larger for the reactions in 20 mol % DMSO than for those in 44 wt % EtOH, indicating that the larger $k_1$ is mainly responsible for the larger $k_N$. It has been suggested that the transition state is more stabilized in 20 mol % DMSO through mutual polarizability interaction than in 44 wt % EtOH through H-bonding interaction.