• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.488-497
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• 2020

The present study investigates the feasibility of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) (Pyridine-Quinoline) degradation by catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) in the presence of nanoscale zerovalent iron supported on granular activated carbon (nFe⁰/GAC) using statistical optimization technique. Response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the process parameters of CWPO process such as initial pH, catalyst dose, hydrogen peroxide dose, initial concentration of pyridine (Py) and quinolone (Qn) were chosen as the main variables, and total organic carbon (TOC) removal and total Fe leaching were selected as the investigated response. The optimization of process parameters by desirability function showed the ~85% of TOC removal with process condition of initial solution pH 3.5, catalyst dose of 0.55 g/L, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.34 mmol, initial concentration of Py 200 mg/L and initial concentration of Qn 200 mg/L. Further, for TOC removal the analysis of variance results of the RSM revealed that all parameter i.e. initial pH, catalyst dose, hydrogen peroxide dose, initial concentration of Py and initial concentration of Qn were highly significant according to the p values (p < 0.05). The quadratic model was found to be the best fit for experimental data. The present study revealed that BBD was reliable and effective for the determination of the optimum conditions for CWPO of NHCs (Py-Qn).

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1377-1383
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• 2008

본 연구는 발효 김치 액으로부터 덱스트란 생산 균주를 분리하고 생산 최적 생산 조건을 정하기 위하여 반응표면 분석법을 이용하였다. 발효 조건의 독립변수들은 배양 온도,pH, 효모 추출물의 농도, 온도, 기질의 농도로 정하고 Box- Benken 디자인를 이용하여 실험을 설계하였다. 최종 분리된 균주는 Leuconostoc sp. strain SKY로 잠정적으로 명하였다. 연구 결과 덱스트란 생산은 3.90 - 22.40 g/l이고, 균체량 생산은 0.69-2.85 g/l, 수율은 0.10-0.64, 생산 속도 0.16-0.85 g/l-hr의 범위에서 분석이 되었다. 표면반응분석 결과 덱스트란 생산에 가장 영향을 미치는 것은 배양 pH이고 다음에 효모 추출물의 농도 그리고 온도의 순으로 나타났다. 균체량 생산에 가장 영향을 미치는 것은 배양 pH이고 다음에 효모 추출물의 농도 그리고 온도의 순으로 나타났다. 생산 수율에 가장 영향을 미치는 것은 배양 pH 이고 다음에 효모 추출물의 농도 그리고 온도의 순으로 나타났다. 덱스트란 생산 속도에 가장 영향을 미치는 것은 배양 pH이고 다음에 효모 추출물의 농도 그리고 온도의 순으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 최적 생산 조건은 온도는 $27-28^{\circ}C$이고, pH는 7.0이며, 효묘 추출물은 6-7%의 범위에서 결정이 되었다. 이러한 조건에서 생산된 덱스트란 양은 22g/l이고, 생산 수율은 약 60%정도이며, 생산 속도는 0.8g/l/hr이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1652-1662
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• 2014

The present study investigated the optimum blending condition of protected fat, choline and yeast culture for lowering of rumen temperature. The Box Benken experimental design, a fractional factorial arrangement, and response surface methodology were employed. The optimum blending condition was determined using the rumen simulated in vitro fermentation. An additive formulated on the optimum condition contained 50% of protected fat, 25% of yeast culture, 5% of choline, 7% of organic zinc, 6.5% of cinnamon, and 6.5% of stevioside. The feed additive was supplemented at a rate of 0.1% of diet (orchard grass:concentrate, 3:7) and compared with a control which had no additive. The treatment resulted in lower volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and biogas than the control. To investigate the effect of the optimized additive and feed energy levels on rumen and rectal temperatures, four rumen cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native beef breed) steers were in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Energy levels were varied to low and high by altering the ratio of forage to concentrate in diet: low energy (6:4) and high energy (4:6). The additive was added at a rate of 0.1% of the diet. The following parameters were measured; feed intake, rumen and rectal temperatures, ruminal pH and VFA concentration. This study was conducted in an environmentally controlled house with temperature set at $30^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity levels of 70%. Steers were housed individually in raised crates to facilitate collection of urine and feces. The adaptation period was for 14 days, 2 days for sampling and 7 days for resting the animals. The additive significantly reduced both rumen (p<0.01) and rectal temperatures (p<0.001) without depressed feed intake. There were interactions (p<0.01) between energy level and additive on ruminal temperature. Neither additive nor energy level had an effect on total VFA concentration. The additive however, significantly increased (p<0.01) propionate and subsequently had lower acetate:propionate (A/P) ratios than non-additive supplementation. High concentrate diets had significantly lower pH. Interactions between energy and additive were observed (p<0.01) in ammonia nitrogen production. Supplementation of diets with the additive resulted in lower rumen and rectal temperatures, hence the additive showed promise in alleviating undesirable effects of heat stress in cattle.