• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.557-564
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• 2002

Corrugated board is an efficient low-cost structure material fur the boxes that are widely used for transporting, storing and distributing goods. Corrugated board is also considered as an orthotropic because the principal material directions are the same as in paperboard. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the principal design parameters of ventilating box through the FEA on the various types of ventilating hole. From the viewpoint of the stress distribution and stress level, the optimum pattern and location of the ventilating hole were vertically oblong, and symmetry position with a short distance to the right and left from the center of front and rear panel. And, the optimum location and pattern of hand hole were a short distance to the top from the center of both side panels, and modified shape to increase the radius of curvature of both side in horizontal oblong. In general, the optimum pattern and location of both the ventilating hole and hand hole based on the FEM analysis were well verified by experimental investigation. It is suggested that decrease in compressive strength of the box could be minimized in the same ventilating hole area under the condition of the length of major axis of ventilating hole is less than 1/4 of box length, the ratio of minor axis/major axis is 113.5∼l/2.5, and number of the ventilating holes is even and symmetrical.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.38-45
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• 2010

Welding structures are designed to endure its expected life. The most important factors are life. Especially on welded structure, fatigue strength is critical. So this study performed a research on Box and T shape weldment specimen to examine the influence of welding type. In this experiment, the results indicate Box shape was available in more than T shape. Fatigue tests were performed to evaluate the fatigue strength of the both as-welded and statically pre-loaded specimens by 3 point bending load. Fatigue life can be improved by using Ultrasonic Impact Treatment(UIT) effect. Ultrasonic Impact Treatment(UIT) is excellent for eliminating the tensile residual stresses and generating compressive residual stresses which elevate fatigue strength of welded structures. Also, this shows that welding part has better fatigue life and welding was performed well. In this study, to evaluate the Ultrasonic Impact Treatment(UIT) effect, for welding structure, the experiment was conducted at various levels of stress range between 100MPa and 500MPa. From the test results, it was indicated that fatigue performance was improving by Ultrasonic Impact Treatment(UIT)

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.115-130
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• 2004

The flexural ductility of solid rectangular reinforced concrete beams has been studied quite extensively. However, many reinforced concrete beams are neither solid nor rectangular; examples include T-, ${\Gamma}$-, ${\Pi}$- and box-shaped beams. There have been few studies on the flexural ductility of non-rectangular reinforced concrete beams and as a result little is known about the possible effect of sectional shape on flexural ductility. Herein, the effect of sectional shape on the post-peak flexural behaviour of reinforced normal and high-strength concrete beams has been studied using a newly developed analysis method that employs the actual stress-strain curves of the constitutive materials and takes into account the stress-path dependence of the stress-strain curve of the steel reinforcement. It was revealed that the sectional shape could have significant effect on the flexural ductility of a concrete beam and that the flexural ductility of a T-, ${\Gamma}$-, ${\Pi}$- or box-shaped beam is generally lower than that of a solid rectangular beam with the same overall dimensions and the same amount of reinforcement provided. Based on the numerical results obtained, a simple method of ensuring the provision of a certain minimum level of flexural ductility to non-rectangular concrete beams has been developed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.199-203
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• 2006

The marketability of soybean sprout mainly depends on shape such as hypocotyl thickness and presence of lateral root formation, etc. To clarify the effects of agitating culture box on growth and shape of soybean sprouts, different agitation frequency (0, 3, 5 times day-1) and duration (0, 1, 2, 3 days) were applied during sprout cultivation. More frequent and longer agitation resulted in less lateral root formation and shorter hypocotyl length, while total lengths were not affected by agitation due to agitation-induced root length increment. Agitation also increased the diameter of hypocotyl's hook pin, but not the middle part. Unlike morphological characteristics, the growth of sprouts as measured by fresh and dry weight of cotyledon, hypocotyl, root were not affected by agitation. In conclusion, it is very likely that agitating culture box during sprout cultivation may alter the shape of soybean sprouts without affecting growth of sprouts.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.483-493
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• 2020

In this paper, we present a nondestructive analysis using X-ray and microscopic investigation to detect the structure, manufacturing technique and preservation status of the Goryeo lacquered box Inlaid with Mother-of-pearl Chrysanthemum and Scroll Design (Goryeo Lacquered Box). We confirm that the Goryeo Lacquered Box consists of the soft wood as the basic material. The soft wood was coated with textile and then lacquered. The box structure of the Goryeo Lacquered Box was formed of wooden boards with wood plants added to the side, after processing into a trefoil-shaped. The wooden sides of the Goryeo Lacquered Box were cut at regular intervals for easier processing into a curved shape. Moter-of-pearl, tortoiseshell, and metal wire were used to decorate the surface. mother-of pearl was the cutting processing, and tortoiseshell was used for back coloring. The metal line was constructed using one line and twist line.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1999

The use of composite restorative materials is established due to continuing improvements in the materials and restorative techniques. Composite resins are widely used for the restoration of cervical lesions because of esthetics, good physical properties and working time. There are several types of cavity design for class V composite resin filling, but inappropriate cavity form may affect bonding failure, microleakage and fracture during mastication. Cavity preparations for composite materials should be as conservative as possible. The extent of the preparation is usually determined by the size, shape, and location of the defect. The design of the cavity preparation to receive a composite restoration may vary depending on several factors. In this study, 5 types of class V cavity were prepared on each maxillary central incisor. The types are; 1) V-shape, 2) round(U) shape, 3) box form, 4) box form with incisal bevel and 5) box form with incisal bevel and grooves for axial line angles. After restoration, in order to observe the concentration of stress at bonding surfaces of teeth and restorations, developing a 2-dimensional finite element model of labiopalatal section in tooth, surrounding bone, periodontal ligament and gingiva, based on the measurements by Wheeler, loading force from direction of 45 degrees from lingual side near the incisal edge was applied. This study analysed Von Mises stress with SuperSap finite element analysis program(Algor Interactive System, Inc.). The results were as follows : 1. Stress concentration was prevalent at tooth-resin bonding surface of cervical side on each model. 2. In model 2 without line angle, stress was distributed evenly. 3. Preparing bevel eliminated stress concentration much or less at line angle. 4. Model with round-shape distributed stress concentration more evenly than box-type model with sharp line angle, therefore decreased possibility of fracture. 5. Adding grooves to line angles had no effect of decreasing stress concentration to the area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.03b
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• pp.623-630
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• 2000

In this study, it was to investigate the possibility to use the converts slag, by product in producing steel as a substitute material with sand that is used fur a civil construction materials, in developing techniques to use converts slag to improve soft clay ground. To do this, it was investigated the physical and mechanical properties of the converts slag as a civil construction material. For this, cylindrical cell consolidation with a single vertical drains and large scale soil box test were performed. Through large scale soil box test, the applicability of the converts slag to the present vertical drain techniques which is dependent on sand and plastic drains was studied. As a result of that, it was found that the shape of inserted drains was maintained after completing a consolidation process of a soft clay with slag drains. In addition, we could find that the slag drains showed the similar results with sand drains in soft clay by analyzing the effect of acceleration of consolidation.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2006.11b
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• pp.538-544
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• 2006

This paper is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of prestressed concrete (PSC) girder that has been spliced with precast box segments. A 20 m long full-scale spliced precast concrete box railway girder was fabricated and tested to identify its dynamic properties against a monolithic girder. The monolithic girder has the same geometric and material properties with respect to the spliced girder. Dynamic parameters including natural frequency, mode shape, and damping ratio were identified using the a digitally controlled exciter. Modal analyses were performed based on three-dimensional finite element models, and the calculated modal parameters were compared with test results. Finally, the characteristic decrease of natural frequency due to damage for each girder has been examined after the load test.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.519-531
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• 2013

To have a better understanding of the torsional mechanism and influencing factors of PC composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs, ultimate torsional strength of four specimens under pure torsion were analyzed with Model Test Method. Monotonic pure torsion acts on specimens by eccentric concentrated loading. The experimental results show that cracks form at an angle of $45^{\circ}$ to the member's longitudinal axis in the top and bottom concrete slabs. Longitudinal reinforcement located in the center of cross section contributes little to torsional capacity of the specimens. Torsional rigidity is proportional to shape parameter ${\eta}$ of corrugation and there is an increase in yielding torque and ultimate torque of specimens as the thickness of corrugated steel webs increases.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2010

The drop handle in the Chosun-Dynasty played a role lifting up the cabinet and box which was attached to and besides this had the decoration function. The scope of this study should include the drop handles from the $18^{th}$ century up to now by investigating and analyzing their definition & function and furthermore the types of their designs. The object of the study was the drop handle having 2 golden fixing parts which are definitive difference from ring or loop, and the design typology of drop handle was concentrated on the handle part, and it can be classified in two types. The one is the figuration of bow, bat, bamboo, fish and bird and so on from the motive of nature on the handle part, and the other one is the drop handle of the simple ㄷ-shape, the temple-symbol shape or geometrical forms. According to the analysis of relics & literature from the past it was found that there were more quantitative nature-motive figurations than the geometrical forms. The nature-motive figurations were again classified in box-, bat-, cloud- bamboo-, fish- and bird-type, and the geometrical forms in ㄷ-shape, the temple-symbol shape and others. The cases applied to furniture are roughly divided into the front-attached type and the side-attached type. In comparison of the drop handle in the Chosun-Dynasty with that of modern times, ㄷ-shape and bow-type keep the long tradition of the drop handles despite of the constructive change partly. Ring-type is similar to the just ring or loop of the part and drop handle with one golden fixing part, while the knob-type shows almost same forms in the past as well as in the modern times. Which type among handles in the modern times has little connection with the past is the reclaimed type, and it was showed in the Chosun-Dynasty and also is showed up to now identically that the man-made hole on the front side of the drawer for the function as handle.