• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.106-110
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• 2006

A new commercial strain 'Jinhwang' of Pholiota adiposa was developed by hyphal anastomosis. It was developed with crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from ASI 24001 and ASI 24004. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ and that of fruiting body development was $15{\sim}18^{\circ}C$. The color of pileus was yellowish brown and many scales and gelatinous sheath were on cap. Average number of individuals a bottle was 26 and its stipe was thick. P. adiposa can be produced by box cultivation using cotton waste.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.122-129
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• 2009

We determined the genetic relatedness among 81 commercial varieties of oyster mushrooms by either comparison of fruiting body characteristics or using PCR amplification with URP primers. Also, we assessed their temperature adaptation by using box cultivation. Based on our data, some varieties such as Wonhyung and variety 1, Suhan and variety 20, Wang-hukpyung and variety 4, Chunchu #2 and variety 6, Shinong #11 and variety 1, Samgu #1 and variety 2, showed the close genetic relatedness between each other. It is known that mushroom culture room is affected by outer temperature because mushroom need the adequate aeration for their growth. Therefore, in aspect of saving energy, the cultivation of season favorable mushroom species has been recommended. Eight different commercial varieties including Sa-chul, Yeoreum and Bunhong(Pink) grew well at high temperature ($16^{\circ}C$). Also, about 51 different oyster mushroom strains were good at relatively high temperature. However, other 64 different oyster mushroom varieties were grew well at low temperature ($11^{\circ}C$). Fourty-nine varieties were adapted well in most temperatures. The slow growth rate were observed in some varieties including Kun(P. eryngii ), Awi(P. nebrodensis ), and Cheunbok(P. abalonus ), which are not suitable for box cultivation. We believe that the culture characterization of each mushroom varieties should help many farmers in many aspects such as saving energy, quantity improvement and new variety development etc.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 1977

The results analyzed of the actual state of medium size two-boat trawler fishery based on the cost expended in 1975 are as follows: According to the calculation of interest, the total cost of this fishery comes to ￦ 55,353,807, and in this account, the production cost comes to ￦ 49,747,383 (89.9%) and the material cost comes to ￦ 27,027,662(48.8%), the labour cost comes to ￦ 10,381,013 (18.8%) the expenses, ￦12,338,708(22.3%) and commision and interest comes to ￦ 5,606,424 (10.1%). As above the fishery comes is 90% of production cost for the expense of production. The ratio of cost element to the total cost 100 is as follow: Fuel: 23.6%, allocation: 14.3%, fishing gear: 14.1%, boat repair: 13.0%, fish box: 8.5%, ice: 14.1%, commission: 6.9%, food cost: 4.5%, interest: 3.2%, transportation fee: 2.8%, consumption: 2.6%, tax: 2.5%, depreciation: 2.4%, administrative expense: 1.6%. The unit cost of catches to each box, including the interest, cames to ￦ 2,167 and not calculating the interest it comes to ￦ 2,098. The cost production to each kg comes to ￦ 114 including interest, without interest, it comes ￦110. When the production cost comes to 90.6%, it comes to 9.4% of total revenue. The reason which this fishery brings low income is that the boats are almost old and semi-diesel engine is used. So, fuel expense and repaire expenses needs too much. Acconding to above this fishery needs to replace new boat and new engine. And new are for this fishery needs to bring under cultivation in order to bring good income with the new method for this fishery. Specially, this fishery brings low income from July to September because of its rest from labour. And so, the expenses, item, and account of money, and the trust money the cost element are not showed in August.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2015

We tried to analyze the growth time for secretion of the iron containing superoxide dismutase by comparing the intra-and extracellular enzyme activity from Streptomyces subrutilus P5 and analyze possible genetic information for this enzyme secretion. The mycelial dry weights and glucose concentrations in culture filtrates were determined during growth. Glucose was consumed rapidly during logarithmic growth phase and almost exhausted at 24 h of cultivation. While the intracellular activity of iron containing superoxide dismutase was first appeared at three hours, the extracellular activity of this enzyme appeared from 7.5 h of cultivation, early logarithmic growth phase. This early presence of the superoxide dismutase might not be the result of cell lysis but active secretion pathway. There was no information for signal peptide responsible for the enzyme secretion in sodF. However, we found a type three secretion box in the promoter region of sodF that has been known for the genes of type III secreted proteins in other bacteria. This is the first report on the possible existence of type III secretion in Streptomyces.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.198-208
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• 1992

Recently, a nursery mat made from rock wool has realized transplanting of the younger seedlings with the ordinary transplanting machines for Chibyo and Chubyo(3 and 4～5 leaved seedling, respectively). The seedlings defined as the 'Nyubyo' or 'Nursling seedlings' became possible to achieve economic profits from the reduction in both working time and costs. It being widely noticed as a strategy to solve the difficulties in current rice cultivation. The nursling seedlings are 1.4 to 2.5 leaves and height at 4.5 to 7cm, grown 4 to 7 days after seeding. They maintain still up to 50 to 80% of their nutrients in the endosperm, and can grow by using only their own nutrients for a certain period of time after transplanting. Nursling seedlings take 2 days in the nursery chamber at 32$^{\circ}C$ after seeding, and 2 days in the greening house at $25^{\circ}C$. This is only 4 days, all together, to make the nursling seedlings of 1.5 leaves which are ready for transplanting. Watering is only needed once at the sowing time. It only takes 1 or 2 waterings even to raise a seedlings for a period of 7 days. The number of nursery boxes can be reduced because it is possible to sow more densely(220 to 240g per box), thus it only needs seedlings of 15 to 16 boxes per 10 a which leads to a reduction in facilities and space needed. Temperature during the nursery period can be artificially adjusted more precisely which may lead to the prevention of temperature stress. The nursling seedlings can root rapid by because the crown roots from the coleoptile node begin to emerge immediately after transplanting. They show strong resistance to low temperature (12$^{\circ}C$) and deep-planting. There is no danger in the rooting of the seedlings even if half of their height is buried into the soil. Moreover, it can root at a rate of up to 65 to 80% even if the full height of the seedlings is buried. They show also strong resistance to submergence (10～15cm). The nursling seedlings tend to grow by producing tillers from lower nodes. It is therefore, necessary to control to keep the proper numbers of tillers per unit area. They have no fear in the delay of heading and their yield components can be so well balanced that the same level of yield was achieved with the nursling seedlings compared to that with Chibyo. It was further suggested that if the surplus tillers can be avoided by such cultivation practices, the number of grain per panicle can be kept greater and higher yield can be realized. Practical experiments with the nursling seedlings conducted in 1989 and 1990 by farmers in various areas showed exciting results. The nursling seedlings will become widely spread, or at least occupy an important position in Japanese and also in Korean rice cultivation techniques.tivation techniques.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.993-997
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• 2003

Response surface methodology was applied to find the optimum conditions for the production of DXAMase (containing both dextranase and amylase activities) based on the cultivation variables (pH, temperature, and agitation rate). The experimental values from the model equation conceded with predicted values in which the predicted values for dextranase and amylase activities were 2.26 and 3.52 U/ml at pH 4, $28^{\circ}C$, 235 rpm, and the corresponding experimental values were 2.41 and 3.68 U/ml, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2007

Shape of soybean sprouts affects their marketability. This study was carried out to understand the effects of pressure in both overspraying and underwatering cultivation methods on growth and morphological characteristics of soybean sprouts. Pressing treatments were done by continuous pressing by laying a plastic culture box over another with growing the sprouts, their alteration every day, or no pressing in overspraying method, and by continuous pressing, pressing after the 4th day cultivation with 30 kg steel case, or no pressing in underwatering method. The soybean (cv. Junjery) seeds were soaked in 2 ppm BA solution for 5 hours and then aerated for 3 hours immediately before 6 day culture. Lateral roots, hypocotyl and root lengths, hypocotyl diameters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Lateral roots per sprout were decreased with stronger pressing regardless of watering methods. In overspraying method, continuous pressing treatment resulted in shortest hypocotyl, but no and ones did the longest root. In underwatering method, however, no pressing one showed the longest hypocotyl but continuous pressing did the shortest hypocotyl. Regardless of watering methods, middle part of hypocotyl was more thickened with stronger pressing although hook diameters of the 3 treatments were not affected. In overspraying method. total fresh weight per sprout was the least in no pressing but the greatest in continuous pressing. In underwatering method, however, there was no significant difference between the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.359-364
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• 2012

This study were carried out to find bolting response of cultivation in different regions and to isolate FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C) homologs in Angelica gigas Nakai. The mean temperature of different regions, ordering in altitude, were as follows: 100 m > 350 m > 530 m > 700 m. The largest amount of rainfall was occurred in the region of 350 m while the longest time of sunshine was occurred in the region of 100 m. The content of soil chemical properties in regions showed pH 6.2 ~ 7.4, T-N 0.17 ~ 26, organic mater $1{\sim}32gkg^{-1}$, $P_2O_5$ ${151{\sim}664_{mgkg}}^{-1}$, exchangeable potassium and calcium and magnesium were 0.78 ~ 1.15, 3.9 ~ 10.0, ${0.7{\sim}3.2_{cmol}}^{+kg-1}$. L5 line of A. gigas was occurred in bolting at all regions, but the bolting ratio was 60.0% in 700 m region with non-mulching treatment. Manchu of A. gigas was not occurred in bolting at all regions. The accumulation bolting ratio of L5 line by non-mulching was higher than that of mulching as 90.4% and 72.8% in 100 m region. The MADS-box transcription factor FLC is one of the well-known examples as a strong floral repressor. We decided to isolate FLC homologs from A. gigas as a starting point of flowering mechanism research of this plant. We have isolated two RT-PCR products which showed very high amino acid sequence homology to Arabidopsis FLC.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.2 s.55
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• pp.130-137
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• 1983

A wide variety of pathogens are known io be seedborne, carried either as infectious mycelium internally or as contaminants on the seed coat. When seed is infected with a pathogen, the seed nay be rendered nonviable or it may remain viable but produce weak seedling. In some cases, the Infected seedling nay not be severely weakened, but nay serve as a source of primary inoculum within a community of plants. A recent problem nay be the dissemination of seedborne pathogens occurring as a result of the massive movements of seed, as a part of the 'Green revolution' Disease of great danger to agriculture may be introduced with seed from other parts of world. Seed treatment with organic mercury compounds in liquid form had become popular since about 1955. Organic mercury compounds contributed considerably to the increase in production of many crops and vegetables. In 1975, however, the use of organic mercury compound was forbidden because of doubts regarding their residual mammalian toxicity in agricultural products. Benomyl-thiram mixture, thiophanate methyl-;hiram mixture and TCMB have now been registered as seed disinfectants for the use of rice blast, brown spot and Bakanae disease. Oxathiinsthiram mixture has been registered as seed disinfectant for barley and wheat loose smut and leaf stripe of barley. Agricultural techniques have made such rapid progress that the nursery methods changed from the use of paddy nursery to box nursery designed for machine-transplanting. The spread of rice transplanting machines has caused increase of seedborne diseases. Among seedborne diseases, Bakanae disease has remarkably increased and causes much damage recently. In order to counter this trend, seed disinfectants must also be diversified. First, effective non-selective disinfectants need to be developed, and second, appropriate control methods always need to be prepared in parallel with the development of new techniques for cultivation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

Optimal shoot regeneration and transformation conditions of root type chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus cv Cesare) were studied. Leaf explants were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which contained NPTII as a selectable marker and a rice homeotic gene, OsMADS1, that encodes a MADS-domain-containing transcription factor. After one day of co-cultivation, explants were transferred to selection media consisting of MS basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP, 0.1 mg/L IAA, 70 mg/L kanamycin, and 250 mg/L cefotaxime. PCR and Southern blot analyses revealed stable integration of the OsMADS1 gene in the chicory genome. Four-teen original transgenic plants ($T_o$ plants) were acclimatized in the greenhouse and examined for their morphological characters. Most of the transgenic plants showed altered morphologies, such as short, bushy, and early-flowering phenotypes with reduced apical dominance. Additionally, half of the transgenic plants exhibited altered leaf shapes, and 4 out of 14 plants were sterile. These phenotypes were inherited by the next generation. Northern blot analysis confirmed expression of the OsMADS1 gene in both floral and vegetative organs.