• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.41 no.12 s.415
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• pp.831-835
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.38-38
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• 2009

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review clinical studies of facial palsy sequelae treatment Methods : We used search engines such as PUBMED, OASIS, RISS. We limited sequelae as the cases after three months from the onset. We excluded the studies including operational treatments. We considered papers pubulished only after year 2000. Results : The kinds of treatments were acupunture treatment, physical therapy, Botulinum toxin, and steroids and antiviral agent. Four studies about acupuncture treatment were searched. Two were case studies and the other two were case series studies. Six studies about physical therapy were searched and they were devided into three according to their specific methods - neuromuscular training and biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and facial exercises. We reviewed three studies about Botulinum toxin and 3 studies about combined therapy. Conclusions : Evidence level of the acupuncture studies was not high. Neuromuscular retraining and biofeedback therapies were shown to be effective especially to synkinesis. Mime therapy, one of the facial exercise has significant effect. Electrical stimulation is thought to activate the plasticity of central nerve system. Botulimum Toxin has effective temporary treatment. Steroid therapy increases recovery rate and reduces sequelae.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 1975

The neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum type B was purified from a liquid culture. The purification steps consist of ammonium sulfate precipitation of whole culture, treatment of Polymin P(0.15%, v/v), gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at pH5.6 and DEAE-Sephadex charomatography at pH8.0. The procedure recovered 17% of the toxin assayed in the starting culture. The toxin was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had a molecular weight of 163,000. Subunits of 106,000 and 56,000 molecular weight were found when purified toxin was treated with a disulfide-reducing agent and electro phoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2008

Many neurotoxigenic clostridia are found in soil. Among animals, birds are especially susceptible to botulism, perhaps because they feed on insects, invertebrate carcasses, and decayed feeds contaminated with spores of Clostridium (C.) botulinum. C. botulinum type C is mainly involved in avian botulism. In the summer of 2005, death of a mute swan (cygnus olor) living in the pond of large bird cage was found in Seoul Grand Park Zoo. The birds presented presumptive clinical signs of botulism, such as ruffled hackle feathers, abnormal posture of the head, weakness, and flaccid paralysis. At that time, pond water in the breeding facilities was drained for 7 days, but there were still remained water containing sediment of feed and feces. Therefore, botulism was suspected and an experimentation were made to detect C. botulinum in the dead mute swan. Gross post-mortem findings of a mute swan showed jelly-like hemorrhagic contents in the intestine, sands and vegetations in the stomach. C. botulinum was isolated from the liver, small intestine and large intestine samples. Botulism was also confirmed by mouse inoculation test with the organ samples. With PCR, a gene encoding C. botulinum type C toxin was detected for the several organs of the mute swan died. These results suggested that death of mute swan was caused by C. botulinum type C.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.325-331
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• 2013

Botulinum neurotoxin(BoNT) is a protease exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. It works by blocking the release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve endings causing inactivity of muscles or glands. Recently, the therapeutic use of BoNT have expanded to include a wide range of medical and dental conditions. Botulinum neurotoxin type A(BoNT/A) is used off-label in the orofacial region to treat primary and secondary masticatory and facial muscle spasm, severe bruxism, facial tics, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonias, and hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles. Local hematoma, infection, and persistent pain in the injection site are the site-of-injection side effects. Medication-related side effects are adjacent muscle weakness, slurred speech, an alteration in the character of the saliva, and severe headaches. In most cases, these complications are not persistent and bothersome. We reported a case report of a patient who had transient anterior open bite after BoNT/A injection on masseter muscles to treat the refractory myofascial pain.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.256-259
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• 2013

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) inhibits muscle contraction, which leads to reversible muscle atrophy and paralysis. Therefore, BTX-A injection can be an effective treatment of facial asymmetry that originated from the uncoordinated muscle movement. A 52-year-old patient was referred from another hospital for the correction of post-traumatic sequelae. The patient had prominent scar in the mandibular symphysis area with asymmetric lower lip movement. The reason for this asymmetric lower lip movement was due to damage in the lower lip depressor muscle. After the injection of BTX-A on the lower lip depressors, asymmetric lip movement has been improved.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.188-192
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• 2013

Post-traumatic anterior open bite can occur as a result of broken balance among the masticatory muscles. The superior hyoid muscle group retracts the mandible downward and contributes to the anterior open bite. Denervation of the digastric muscle by injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) can reduce the power of the digastric muscle and help to resolve the post-traumatic anterior open bite. A patient with a bilateral angle fracture had an anterior open bite even after undergoing three operations under general anesthesia and rubber traction. Although the open bite showed some improvement by the repeated operation, the occlusion was still unstable six weeks after the initial treatment. To eliminate the residual anterior open bite, BTX-A was injected into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Following injection of BTX-A, the anterior open bite showed immediate improvement. Complication and relapse were not observed during follow-up. Long-standing post-traumatic open bite could be successfully corrected by injection of BTX-A into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle without complication.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 2022

Recently, increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may be a critical factor in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) in addition to the ratio of acetylcholine/dopamine because dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable to inflammatory attack. In this study, we investigated whether botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) was effective for the treatment of PD through its anti-neuroinflammatory effects and the modulation of acetylcholine and dopamine release. We found that BoNT-A ameliorated MPTP and 6-OHDA-induced PD progression, reduced acetylcholine release, levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as GFAP expression, but enhanced dopamine release and tyrosine hydroxylase expression. These results indicated that BoNT-A had beneficial effects on MPTP or 6-OHDA-induced PD-like behavior impairments via its anti-neuroinflammation properties, recovering dopamine, and reducing acetylcholine release.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.295-301
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• 2017

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A) is a neurotoxin that selectively attacks the peripheral cholinergic nerve endings. It is produced by Gram -positive, endospore-forming strict anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium botulinum. Since BoNT/A could be a biothreat agent, as well as a contaminator of food and water supplies, the development of sensitive assays for toxin detection and potent antitoxin for the treatment of intoxication is necessary. In this study, for the purpose of producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are capable of neutralizing Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), scFv (single-chain variable domain fragment) libraries from the rabbit antisera against BoNT/A was fused to a human IgG. The resulting recombinant scFvIgG antibody protein was expressed in stable cell lines and was purified using a protein A affinity chromatography. The efficacy of scFvIgG mAb was confirmed by ELISA and was evaluated for the neutralization of BoNT/A in vivo. Such an in vivo toxin neutralization assay was performed using mice. Although scFvIgG antibody proteins (10 ug) failed to fully protect the mice challenged with BoNT/A (100,000 $LD_{50}$), it significantly prolonged the survival time. These results suggest that scFvIgG mAb may be capable of neutralizing BoNT/A single-chain variable domain fragment.