• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2011

Seabed topography and marine site survey should be performed first in the design and construction of marine structures. We could successfully acquire the seafloor topography information can be obtained by bathymetric survey and side scan sonar and the sediment layer thickness and 3D bedrock depth by seismic reflection. It is necessary to apply carry out the integrated interpretation to each other in the ocean civil Eng. In this paper, we have obtained information on the sea bottom topography and water depth at the same time using interferometer technique and on the basement depth by seismic reflection. We have performed to assess the proposed method on the seafloor topographic survey with bedrock.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.444-454
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• 2015

Measurements of bottom backscattering strengths in a frequency range of 6-14 kHz were made on the shallow water off the southern Gyeonggi Bay in Yellow Sea in May 2013, as part of the KIOST-HYU joint acoustics experiment. Geological surveys for the experimental area were performed using multi-beam echo sounder, sparker system, and grab sampling to investigate the bottom topography, sub-bottom profile and composition of surficial sediment, respectively. In this paper, the backscattering strengths as a function of grazing angle (in range of $28^{\circ}{\sim}69^{\circ}$) were estimated and compared to the predictions obtained by Lambert's law and APL-UW scattering model. Finally, the effects of geoacoustic parameters corresponding to the experimental area on the backscattering strengths are discussed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.139-153
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• 2013

For analyzing shallow-water flows over the uneven bottom, the HLLL scheme and the divergence form for bed slope source term (DFB) technique, respectively were applied to the flux gradient and the bottom gradient source terms in a finite-volume model for the shallow water equations. And also the model incorporated the volume/free-surface relationship (VFR) to consider the partially submerged cells (PSC). It was identified that a simpler version of the weighted surface-depth gradient method in the MUSCL was equivalent to the original one in the accuracy for 1D steady flows. It was verified that the flux gradient term and the bottom gradient source term were well-balanced exactly by the VFR for the 1D PSC. The VFR for the triangular PSC settled the problem which the governing equations were not well-balanced by the DFB technique for the 2D PSC. There were good agreements in simulations and experiments for 2D dam-break flows over a triangular sill and a round bump. In addition, the partial dam-break flow was successfully simulated for flooding of roughnesses in an irregular bottom as well as a sloping one. Therefore, this model is expected to be applied to the real river with uneven topography.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.663-663
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• 2002

The National Oceanographic Research Institute of KOREA started to survey for the basic data necessary to territorial sea and EEZ identification and marine development with Multi-Beam Echo Sounder(L3 SeaBeam 2112) since 1996. The Multi-Beam surveys has provided a very new and precise way of describing the morphology and nature of the underwater seabed. Multi-Beam Echo Sounder systems employ sound waves propagating at angles which vary from vertical to nearly horizontal. The locations on the bottom where echoes are generated cover a swath whose port to starboard width may be equal to many times the water depth. Newer Multi-beam bathymetric sonars provide both a beam by beam depth and backscatter amplitude of the bottom. But The backscattered amplitude didn't use for identification of bottom properties because backscatter amplitude effects by the many environmental variables of underwater and seabed. We investigates the utilization of geo-referenced backscatter amplitude and analysis of relationship between The Backscattered Amplitude and Sidescan Sonar imagery from Sea Beam 2112. For the backscattered amplitude imagery mainly represents the properties of sediment, we computed the beam geometry, time-varied amplifier gain, and mainly incidence angle to the topography using bathymetric model at each ping. In this paper, those issues are illustrated, and the angular independent imagery based on swath topographic model is described.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.667-678
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• 1997

A primitive equation numerical model driven only by $M_2$ tide is used to examine role of tide in the temperature and velocity fields of Deukryang Bay. The numerical model reproduces several features of the observational temperature fields such that the isotherms tend to be parallel to the coast in the bay, and the colder water exists at the right hand side in the bay. The horizontal temperature and velocity fields in the model are dominantly influenced by bottom topography. The model also shows that the surface colder water in the bay is accompanied by strong-alongshore current during the flood tide. An investigation for baroclinicity in the bay by additional numerical experiment indicates that the baroclinirity in velocity field is very weak. The model, however, did not reproduce a stratification in the observation, implying that the model needs to add other semi-diurnal components such as $S_2,\;O_2\;or\;K_2$ tides to $M_2$ tide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2003

This study focuses on illustrating the effect of a hill on current filed at a channel, and the topographic effects of the hill were studied with various numerical experiments. The model experiments showed that stratification as well as bottom topography had influence on current fields around the hill. Due to stratification effect, Karman vortex formed behind the hill by bottom topography made effects on water movement only in the deep layer. The vortex reduced density field around the hill which resulted in the stratification in the water column, and which also resulted in the movement of isopycnic surface to deep layer both in front and back of the hill. The water in the back of the hill moved upward along ispycnic surface afterward. From these effects, velocity pattern in vertical direction around the hill showed opposite direction, downwrad in front of the hill and upward in the back. However, the upward flows did not seem to have any significant influence on the water conditions in the surface layer, even though strong upward flows were found on both side of the hill.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1978

A seismic reflection Survey was carried out in the offshere area between Geoje Island and Namhae Island, utilizing the echosounder with the frequency 28KHz and thd Uniboom with the filter band 800∼2000Hz. The results show the submarine topography, sedimentary layer structure and the depth distribution of the base rock. The water depth of the sea in the survey area is less than 80m; up to 40m contour line the sea bottom surface has a slight dip(about 1/1000), while in the zone deeper than 40m the bottom topography has a irregular relief. The thickness of the whole sedimentary deposit is about 20∼70m and divided into 3 layers: Upper layer(A layer) with horizontal laminae, intermediate layer(B layer) with cross-bedding and groove structure, and lower layer(C layer) not showing any sedimentary structure on the seismic reflection profile. The surface of the base rock is deeper gradually in the south-eastern part of the survey area and extends to 140m depth. The vertical sediments sequences, composed of B layer and A layer, show the type of transgressive sequences. It is interpreted that B layer was formed at one period when the sea level was lower 40∼60 than the present and ince then, following the rising of the sea level, A layer was deposited.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 1998

The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of flow and bed topography with changing bed material in a 180-degree, with constant-radius curved experimental channel. Sand($D_{50}$ = 0.56 mm, s = 2.65) and anthracite($D_{50}$ = 0.26 mm, s = 1.54) were selected as bed materials. The maximum scour depth was found to be about two times for the mean flow depth at the outer bank of bend angle $30^{\circ}~60^{\circ}$, and in case of anthracite, it was found upper part of bend angle $5^{\circ}~15^{\circ}$ than that of sand. Regardless of bed materials the path of maximum streamwise velocity is skewed inwards in the upper part of the bend, the maximum velocity shifts outwards, and it lagged downward as bed roughness increases. The maximum skewed angle of flow grows faster in the smooth bottom than in the rough one, and its value also increases. The secondary flow in anthracite bottom was measured larger than that of sand one, and two cells of secondary flow was found in this experiment.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.51.1-51.13
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of improper positioning single-peak and multi-peak lights on color change, microhardness of bottom and top, and surface topography of bulk fill and incremental composites after artificial aging for 1 year. Materials and Methods: Bulk fill and incremental composites were cured using multi-peak and single-peak light-emitting diode (LED) following 4 clinical conditions: (1) optimal condition (no angulation or tip displacement), (2) tip-displacement (2 mm), (3) slight tip angulation (α = 20°) and (4) moderate tip angulation (α = 35°). After 1-year of water aging, the specimens were analyzed for color changes (ΔE), Vickers hardness, surface topography (Ra, Rt, and Rv), and scanning electron microscopy. Results: For samples cured by single-peak LED, the improper positioning significantly increases the color change compared to the optimal position regardless of the type of composite (p < 0.001). For multi-peak LED, the type of resin composite and the curing condition displayed a significant effect on ΔE (p < 0.001). For both LEDs, the Vickers hardness and bottom/top ratio of Vickers hardness were affected by the type of composite and the curing condition (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The bulk fill composite presented greater resistance to wear, higher color stability, and better microhardness than the incremental composite when subjected to improper curing. The multi-peak LED improves curing under improper conditions compared to single-peak LED. Prevention of errors when curing composites requires the attention of all personnel involved in the patient's care once the clinical relevance of the appropriate polymerization reflects on reliable long-term outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 1998

Recently the modified mild-slope equation has been developed by several researchers using different approaches, which, compared to the Berkhoff's mild-slope equation, includes additional terms proportional to the square of bottom slope and to the bottom curvature. By examining this equation, it is shown that both terms are equally important in intermediate-depth water, but in shallow water the influence of the bottom curvature term diminishes while that of the bottom slope square term remains significant. In order to examine the importance of these terms in more detail, the modified mild-slope equation and the Berkhoff's mild-slope equation are tested for the problems of wave reflection from a plane slope, a non-plane slope, and periodic ripples. It is shown that, when only the bottom slope is concerned, the mild-slope equation can give accurate results up to a slope of 1 in 1 rather than 1 in 3, which, until now, has been known as the limiting bottom slope for its proper application. It is also shown that the bottom curvature term plays an important role in modeling wave propagation over a bottom topography with relatively mild variation, but, where the bottom slope is not small, the bottom slope square term should also be included for more accurate results.