• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2002

표준관입시험 시 항타로 인해 시추봉 두부에서 발생하는 응력파가 시추봉 선단과 접해 있는 지반에서 반사되어 돌아오는 동적신호를 분석함으로써, 시추봉 선단부에 인접한 지반의 임피던스(강성)에 관해 보다 상세한 정보를 얻고자 하는 시험방법이 시도되고 있다. 이 시험법의 실규모 시험에 선행하여 본 논문에서는 시추봉-지반시스템에 대한 동적유한요소해석을 통해 동적신호를 얻고, 이들 신호를 분석하여 추정한 지반의 임피던스와 탄성계수의 신뢰도를 평가함으로써 시험법의 적용성을 검토하고자 하였다. 또한 반사파의 특성에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 인자들에 대한 평가를 통해서 실규모 시험을 위한 참고자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이러한 연구 결과, 시추봉과 지반의 접촉면에서 입사, 반사되는 파동의 진폭비($F_반F_입$)에 가장 심각하게 영향을 미치는 인자는 시추봉 선단과 접촉한 지반강성의 변화임을 알았으며, 이들 파동의 진폭비의 변화는 시추봉과 지반 간의 임피던스 비($\alpha$)의 변화와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로부터 SPT 동적신호를 분석하여 시추봉 선단과 직접 닿아 있는 지반에 대한 임피던스와 변형 계수를 추정하는 시험법의 적용 가능성이 있다는 결론을 얻었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2011

To estimate the effects of limitation nutrients for phytoplankton growth and its influences on short-term variations of a winter phytoplankton community structure, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors of surface and bottom waters at 20 stations of inner and offshore areas from 6 to 7 February in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Also, several algal bio-assay studies were conducted to identify any additional nutrient effects on phytoplankton assemblage using surface water for the assay. The dominant species in the bay was diatom Skeletonema costatum, which occupied more than 70% of total species in most stations (St.1-16) of the inner bay. According to a cluster and multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis based on phytoplankton community data from each station, the bay was divided into three groups. The first group included stations from the south-western parts of Myodo lsland, which can be characterized as a semien-closed eutrophic area with high phytoplankton abundance. The second group included most stations from the north-eastern part of Myodo lsland, influenced indirectly by surface water currents from offshore of the bay. The standing phytoplankton crops were lower than those of the first group. The other cluster was restricted to samples collected from offshore of the bay. In the bay, silicon (Si) and phosphorus (P) were not a major limiting factor for phytoplankton production. However, since the DIN: DIP and DSi: DIN ratios clearly demonstrated that there were potential stoichiometric N limitations, nitrogen (N) was considered as a limiting factor. Based on the algal bio-assay, in vivo fluorescence values in N (+) added experiments were higher compared to control and P added experiments. Our results suggested that nitrogen may act as one of the most important factors in controlling primary production during winter in Gwangyang Bay.

• 센서학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.357-362
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• 2011

This paper demonstrates a novel electrodynamic technique to remove particles from the wall of microchannels. Dielectrohporesis(DEP) is generated by applying alternating electric potentials to the interdigitated electrodes integrated at the bottom of the micro-channel. The proposed technique is applied to a general microfluidic channel as a feasibility test. To examine the wall loss reduction efficiency, 10 ${\mu}m$ diameter Polystyrene latexes(PSL) were supplied to the inlet of the device. Then, the concentration of collected particles through devices was measured. In the experiment for 10 ${\mu}m$ diameter PSL particles, the concentration of the injected particles was $174.25{\times}10^4$ particles/ml. However, the concentration of collected particles at the outlet was $52.25{\times}10^4$ particles/ml. Only 30 % of particles had arrived at the outlet and 70 % of particles had adhered to the wall of the microfluidic channel. By applying alternating electric potentials from 0 to 20 $V_{pp}$ at 3 MHz, the concentration of injected particles was 135.00${\times}10^4$ particles/ml, the concentration of collected particles was increased as $105.25{\times}10^4$ particles/ml at 20 $V_{pp}$ at the outlet. When the electric potential was 20 $V_{pp}$, the particle loss was decreased by 39 % (initial loss: 70 %, loss at 20 Vpp: 31 %) with 10 ${\mu}m$ particle. The particle loss was decreased along to the incensement of electric potentials and the enlargement of the diameter of particles. According to these measured results, it was confirmed that the proposal of using DEP technique could be a good candidate for particle loss reduction in micro-particle processing chip application. Moreover, it is expected that the proposed technique could enhance performance of microfluidic and biochip devices.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.903-908
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 비대칭 이중게이트(double gate; DG) MOSFET의 채널 내 도핑분포함수의 변화에 따른 문턱전압이동 현상에 대하여 분석하였다. 반도체소자를 도핑시킬 때는 주로 이온주입법을 사용하며 이때 분포함수는 가우스분포를 나타내고 있다. 가우스분포함수는 이온주입범위 및 분포편차에 따라 형태를 달리하며 이에 따라 전송특성도 변화하게 된다. 그러므로 비대칭 DGMOSFET의 채널 내 도핑분포함수의 변화는 문턱전압에 영향을 미칠 것이다. 문턱전압은 트랜지스터가 동작하는 최소한의 게이트전압이므로 단위폭 당 드레인 전류가 $0.1{\mu}A$ 흐를 때 상단 게이트전압으로 정의하였다. 문턱전압을 구하기 위하여 해석학적 전위분포를 포아송방정식으로부터 급수형태로 유도하였다. 결과적으로 도핑농도가 증가하면 도핑분포함수에 따라 문턱전압은 크게 변하였으며 특히, 고 도핑 영역에서 하단 게이트전압에 따라 이온주입범위 및 분포편차에 의한 문턱전압의 변화가 크게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

The steel foundries with electric arc furnaces handling metal scraps have recently gained an attention as a potential source of dusts. The present study focuses on the analysis of dust emissions and removals during furnace charging and melting processes by commercial CFD software named FLUENT. A body fitted grid system consisting of 880,000 meshes was first generated by Gambit for the electric arc furnace with the capacity of 60 ton/cycle and then FLUENT was invoked to solve the corresponding NavierStokers equation for the momentum, temperature and dust concentration. The entire processes from metal charging to metal melting were simulated to investigate the unsteady behaviors of fluid flows and dust concentrations. The model simulation results showed that as the top of the electric arc furnace opened for metal charging, hot plumes bursted out from the furnace rose strongly by buoyance and escaped mostly through the main hood. Therefore, the capacity of main hoods determined the vent efficiency in the metal charging process. As the furnace was closed after the metal charging and the metal melting processes was followed, the hot flow stream stretching from the furnace to the main hood was dissipated fast and the flow from the inlet of the bottom of the left hand side to the main and monitoring hoods constituted the main stream. And there was only a slow flow in the right hand side of the furnace. Therefore, the dust concentrations were calculated higher in the left hand side of the furnace, which was consistent with observations.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.263-263
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• 2013

This work examines the dynamic properties of ice surfaces in vacuum for the temperature range of 140~180 K, which extends over the onset temperatures for ice sublimation and the phase transition from amorphous to crystallization ice. In particular, the study focuses on the transport processes of excess protons and chloride ions in ice and their segregative behavior to the ice surface. These phenomena were studied by conducting experiments with a relatively thick (~100 BL) ice film constructed with a bottom $H_2O$ layer and an upper $D_2O$ layer, with excess hydronium and chloride ions trapped at the $H_2O$/$D_2O$ interface as they were generated by the ionization of hydrogen chloride. The migration of protons, chloride ions, and water molecules to the ice film surface and their H/D exchange reactions were measured as a function of temperature using the methods of low energy sputtering (LES) and Cs+ reactive ion scattering (RIS). Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments monitored the desorption of water and hydrogen chloride from the surface. Our observations indicated that both hydronium and chloride ions migrated from the interfacial layer to segregate to the surface at high temperature. Hydrogen chloride gas desorbs via recombination reaction of hydronium and chloride ions floating on the surface. Surface segregation of these species is driven by thermodynamic potential gradient present near the ice surface, whereas in the bulk, their transport is facilitated by thermal diffusion process. The finding suggests that chlorine activation reactions of hydrogen chloride for polar stratospheric ice particles occur at the surface of ice within a depth of at most a few molecular layers, rather than in the bulk phase.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2008

Xylia xylocarpa is fast-growing trees that are currently planted on trial basis in Sabah, Malaysia. The wood quality of trees grown in Sabah may differ from those grown in other places due to the environmental factors. Five 9-year-old trees of each species were extracted from their respective plots at Luasong, Tawau. Wood specimens were prepared from three height levels; bottom, middle and top, at the inner and outer radial positions. The within-tree and between-tree variations of physical properties of these species were analyzed. The basic density, oven-dry density and green moisture content(MC) are 0.72g/$cm^3$, 0.78g/$cm^3$ and 49.8% respectively. The shrinkage from green to oven-dry conditions for the radial and tangential directions were 3.35% and 5.76%, respectively. The trends of within-tree variations for most properties were more consistent in radial rather than vertical direction. This suggests diameter growth to be a more important factor contributing to the variations compared to height. Samples from the outer part of the stem were found to have higher density, shrinkage and mechanical strengths. The between-trees variations of some wood properties were found to be significantly different, probably due to genetic and micro-environmental factors. Significant correlation was recorded among the physical properties of the species. The true potential of X. xylocarpa for end-uses would be enhanced by further research such as the study on properties of wood from different sites and other properties like durability, seasoning, processing and machining characteristics. The characteristics of X. xylocarpa are comparable to a number of local popular hardwood species, indicating its suitability for heavy construction uses.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.41-64
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• 2002

현재까지 우리 유통산업(도·소매업) 및 유통업태의 성장 추이나 예측에 대한 연구는 경제모형의 설계에 의한 계량분석 방법이 아닌, 개별 업태별 사업계획으로부터 추정하는 보톱-업(bottom-up) 방식의 자의적인 추정 방법을 이용하여 왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우리 유통산업 및 주요 소매 업태를 업태별 전망 모형을 구축하여 성장 패턴을 추정, 전망하고자 한다. 본 연구는 소매 업태별 성장 추세 분석을 통하여 매우 흥미로운 결과를 발견할 수 있었다. 즉 백화점, 편의점 및 전문점의 성장은 민간 소비 지출과 가장 밀접한 관련을 가지고 있고, 할인점은 소비지출의 증감과 전혀 무관하게 최근 매년 40% 이상 성장하고 있음을 보여주어 현재 우리가 할인점 전성시대에 살고 있음을 실감할 수 있었다. 한편 슈퍼마켓은 IMF이후 소비지출의 성장률에 훨씬 못 미치는 성장을 보이고 있고 이 추세는 계속될 것으로 전망된다. 마지막으로 통계청의 소매 업태 분류상, 기타의 경우, 최근 급부상하고 있는 TV 홈쇼핑 및 온라인 쇼핑몰 등과 함께, 쇠퇴업태인 재래시장을 동시에 포함하고 있어 그 통계의 유용성이나 신뢰성에서 많은 문제를 내포하고 있다. 따라서 이들 소매업태 분류의 개선 및 보완작업이 시급히 요망된다.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.215-230
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• 2017

The development of hybrid systems comprising nanoparticles and polymers is an opening pathway for engineering nanocomposites exhibiting outstanding mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. Among inorganic counterpart, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) exhibit high magnetization, controllable surface chemistry, spintronic properties, and biological compatibility. These characteristics enable them as a platform for biomedical applications and building blocks for bottom-up approaches, such as the layer-by-layer (LbL). In this regard, the present study is addressed to investigate IONP synthesised through co-precipitation route (average diameter around 7 nm), with either positive or negative surface charges, LbL assembled with sodium sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) or polyaniline (PANI). The surface and internal morphologies, and electrochemical properties of these nanocomposites were probed with atomic force microscopy, UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The nanocomposites display a globular morphology with IONP densely packed while surface dressed by polyelectrolytes. The investigation of the effect of thermal annealing (300 up to $600^{\circ}C$) on the oxidation process of IONP assembled with PSS was performed using Raman spectroscopy. Our findings showed that PSS protects IONP from oxidation/phase transformation to hematite up to $400^{\circ}C$. The electrochemical performance of nanocomposite comprising IONP and PANI were investigated in $0.5mol{\times}L^{-1}$ $Na_2SO_4$ electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. Our findings indicate this structure as promising candidate for potential application as electrodes for supercapacitors.

• 인지과학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.351-370
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• 2007

본 연구는 두 정신물리학 실험을 통하여 상향적(bottom-up) 정보와 하향적(top-down) 정보가 맹점 채우기에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 두 실험 모두에서 맹점에 채워질 가능성이 동일한 두 자극을 맹점에 제시하였다. 이 두 자극이 맹점을 채우기 위해 경쟁할 때, 그 중 한 자극의 깊이 맥락을 조작하여 상향적 요인과 하향적 요인의 상호작용을 살펴보았다. 깊이 맥락은 맹점에 채워지는 자극들과 맹점 주변부 자극들 간의 상대적인 깊이로 정의되었으며, 실험 참가자들은 맹점에서 채워진 표적의 지각적 깊이를 보고하였다. 실험 결과, 맹점이 상향적 정보만 가진 자극보다 하향적 정보인 깊이 맥락이 첨가된 자극으로 대부분 채워졌다는 사실을 발견하였다. 통제 실험을 통하여 이러한 깊이 지각은 맹점이 위치한 주변시의 해상력 때문은 아닌 것으로 밝혀졌다. 위와 같은 실험 결과는 깊이 맥락정보와 같은 하향 처리 과정도 맹점 채워 넣기 과정에 영향을 미친다는 것을 시사한다.