• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.66-75
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• 2006

As construction for road tunnel is increasing, various geotechnical conditions can be faced during the construction stage. Especially, if the tunnel is located in limestone area, many kinds of site investigations such as in-situ boring, electrical resistance survey, TSP(Tunnel Seismic Prediction) and etc., are conducted before and during the construction. By conducting these preliminary tests, location, size, and filling materials in limestone cavities can be approximately estimated. Once some cavities which can be harmful for tunnel safety are predicted, methods for ground reinforcement and tunnel excavation, corresponding those ground conditions, have to be established and verified by measurement data and numerical analysis. If necessary, invert lining should be also considered. In this paper, by studying some cases of tunnels constructed in limestone area, predicted problems during construction and rational countermeasures for those are presented.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 지반공학 공동 학술발표회
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• pp.360-372
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• 2005

The weathering degree and shear wave velocity, $V_S$, were evaluated for decomposed granite layers in Hongsung, where earthquake damages have occurred. The subsurface geological layers and their $V_S$ profiles were determined, respectively, from boring investigations and seismic tests such as crosshole, downhole and SASW tests. The subsurface layers were composed of 10 to 40 m thickness of weathered residual soil and weathered rock in most sites. In the laboratory, the weathering indexes with depth were estimated based on the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis using samples obtained from field, together with the dynamic soil properties determined from resonant column tests using reconstituted specimens. According to the results, it was examined that most weathering degrees represented such as VR, Li, CIA, MWPI and WIP were decreased with increasing depth with exception of RR and CWI. For weathered residual soils in Hongsung, the $V_S's$ determined from borehole seismic tests were slightly increased with increasing depth, and were similar to those from resonant column tests. Furthermore, the $V_S$ values were independent on the weathering degrees, which were decreased with depth.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.142-152
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• 2008

SPT-Uphole method was introduced for the evaluation of near subsurface shear wave velocity (Vs) profile. In SPT-Uphole method, SPT (Standard Penetration Test) which is common in geotechnical site investigation was used as a source and several surface geophones in line were used as receivers. 1D shearwave velocity profile can be obtained in the manner of downhole method, Vs distribution map which is the triangular shape around the boring point can be developed by tomography inversion. To obtain the exact travel time information of shear wave component, a procedure using the magnitude summation of vertical and horizontal components was used based on the evaluation of particle motion at the surface. It was verified that proposed method could give reliable Vs distribution map through the numerical study using the FEM (Finite Element Method) model. Finally, SPT-Uphole method was performed and the feasibility of proposed method was verified in the field.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.127-139
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• 2017

고양 지역의 화강 풍화암 지층을 대상으로 시추조사 및 다양한 현장 시추공 시험(프레셔미터시험, 공내전단시험, Downhole test, Suspension PS 검층, 밀도검층)을 수행하였고, 채취한 풍화암 코어시료에 대한 X선 형광분석을 실시하여 풍화도를 평가하였다. 현장 시추공 시험 결과로부터 변형계수, 전단강도 정수, 전단파 속도 등을 평가하였고, 심도에 따라 각 지반특성 값이 증가하는 경향을 확인하였다. X선 형광분석을 통해 산정한 화학적 풍화지수는 심도에 따라 풍화도가 감소하는 일반적인 경향을 나타냈으며, 대표적 풍화지수인 VR과 풍화암의 지반특성과의 관계를 분석하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of the tensile strength and ratio of disc spacing to penetration depth on the efficiency of tunnel boring machine (TBM) is investigated using Particle flow code (PFC) in two dimensions. Models with dimensions of $150{\times}70mm$ made of rocks with four different tensile strength values of 5 MPa, 10 MPa, 15 MPa and 20 MPa were separately analyzed and two "U" shape cutters with width of 10 mm were penetrated into the rock model by velocity rate of 0.1 mm/s. The spacing between cutters was also varied in this study. Failure patterns for 5 different penetration depths of 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm were registered. Totally 100 indentation test were performed to study the optimal tool-rock interaction. An equation relating mechanical rock properties with geometric characteristics for the optimal TBM performance is proposed. The results of numerical simulations show that the effective rock-cutting condition corresponding to the minimum specific energy can be estimated by an optimized disc spacing to penetration depth, which, in fact, is found to be proportional to the rock's tensile strength.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2023

The 3D geospatial modeling of geotechnical information can aid in understanding the geotechnical characteristic values of the continuous subsurface at construction sites. In this study, a geostatistical optimization model for the three-dimensional (3D) mapping of subsurface stratification and the SPT-N value based on a trial-and-error rule was developed and applied to a dam emergency spillway site in South Korea. Geospatial database development for a geotechnical investigation, reconstitution of the target grid volume, and detection of outliers in the borehole dataset were implemented prior to the 3D modeling. For the site-specific subsurface stratification of the engineering geo-layer, we developed an integration method for the borehole and geophysical survey datasets based on the geostatistical optimization procedure of ordinary kriging and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) by comparing their cross-validation-based prediction residuals. We also developed an optimization technique based on SGS for estimating the 3D geometry of the SPT-N value. This method involves quantitatively testing the reliability of SGS and selecting the realizations with a high estimation accuracy. Boring tests were performed for validation, and the proposed method yielded more accurate prediction results and reproduced the spatial distribution of geotechnical information more effectively than the conventional geostatistical approach.

• 물과 미래
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.30-40
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• 1975

Hydrogeological survey and geophysical prospecting have been carried out in Saudi Arabia for the purpose of finding groundwater in the soil and rock at the request of General trading company in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The surveyed area is located on $38^{\circ}-39^{\circ}$ 30' in longitude and $26^{\circ}-26^{\circ}$ 30' in latitude. The topography of this area is dominated by northwest southeast mountain range composed mostly of precambrian rocks and basalt of tertiary period. Geology is mainly composed of greenstone, granite, andesite, diorite rhyolite of pre-cambrian era and sandstone of cambrian period which are underlained by basalt and andesite of tertiary period and alluvium of quaternary unconformably. The instruments used in this investigation are TR-18B2 radioactivity unit which isjapanese patented and A.C. Terrameter, a resistivity meter manufactured by ABEM of Stockholm, Sweden. Radioactivity method has been conducted along the Alula-Khaybar road, totally 164Km by the car-borne. As a result of the above survey 16 places have been selected and these anomalies show 1.2N-1.6N compared to background of each area in intensity with width of 10-50m. Resistivity vertical profiling which made use of Schlumberger configuration method has been made over selected areas by radioactivity method to provide hydrogeological information for a water resources survey. The result of resistivity shows that good aquifers are located in the western part of surveyed area where sedimentary rock is distributed. The strata showing 10-50, ${\Omega}-m$ in resistivity are thought to be waterbearing layer. The variations in aquifer resistivity found, are thought to be due to verying clay content, which could be related to aquifer yield. It has proved impossible to detect small salinity variation in the buried aquifer by geophysics. As a result of resistivity prospecting 10 places are recommended to be drilled at the anomalies as shown attached map. yields from the proposed holes have been estimated approximately from $20m^3$ to $200m^3$ per day. Prior to drilling for groundwater, test boring using ${\c}4"$ should be drilled in order to obtain more reliable hydrogeological information for the construction of perfect wells.ells.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.269-281
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• 2010

The cone penetration test(CPT) has been increasingly used for in situ site characterization. However, the use of CPT is often limited due to specific site conditions depending on the cone size, geometry, and capacity of the CPT system used. In South Korea, it has generally been considered that the CPT could be satisfactorily performed only in soft soils. Louisiana State University/ Louisiana Transportation Research Center has implemented a field-rugged continuous intrusion miniature cone penetration test (CIMCPT) system since the 1990s. The miniature cone penetrometer of the CIMCPT system has a cross-sectional cone area of $2cm^2$ allowing finer soil profiles compared to the standard $10cm^2$. The reduced cross-sectional area also enables a system capacity reduction leading to cost saving and ease in maintenance. In addition, the continuous intrusion mechanism allows fast and economic site investigations. Samsung C&T Corporation has recently implemented a similar CIMCPT system. In this study, case studies on the field application of Samsung CIMCPT system for the last 2 years are presented to illustrate its performance investigation and its usefulness and limitation. Results of the case studies show that the CIMCPT system can be applied to soils with cone tip resistance($q_c$) values up to about 30MPa and allows a reliable and useful way to characterize soft soils. The results also show that the rod buckling limits the investigation depth by the system and the large contact pressure of the CIMCPT truck prevents the use of the system at sites with soft surface soils. According to the results of the case studies, the Samsung CIMCPT system has been being upgraded with a miniature cone with a longer rod, a crawler-type transportation system, a pre-boring system, and so on.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2009

피에조콘 관입시험 중 점성토층 비배수 전단강도를 산정할 때 적용되는 피에조콘 계수는 시험현장에 따라 피에조콘 계수 산정을 해야 한다. 경험적 해석방법의 경우에도 피에조콘 계수 산정을 위한 많은 방법들이 제안되어 왔으나, 대부분 국외에서 개발한 상관식이나 도표 등을 활용하여 국내 지반에 적용하므로, 이에 대한 적용성이 한계가 있다. 따라서 신뢰성 있는 피에조콘 계수를 산정하기 위해서는 대상지반의 특성을 비롯하여 비교대상 시험방법들의 연구가 필요하며, 국내지반에 대한 시험결과를 바탕으로 한 피에조콘 계수를 산정할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 하구에 분포하는 연약점성토 특성을 파악하기 위해서 시추조사를 비롯한 현장시험 및 실내시험을 수행하였으며, 이 결과들을 피에조콘 관입시험과 비교 분석하였다. 또한, 각 시험별 비배수 전단강도 특성을 분석하고, 피에조콘 관입저항치와 비교하여 피에조콘 계수를 구하고, 구한 피에조콘 계수를 통계적 기법을 적용하여 연구 대상 지역의 신뢰성 높은 피에조콘 계수를 산정하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2002

본 논문은 영동선 동백산역에서 도계역사이를 연결하는 장대터널 (솔안터널)의 시공사례에 대한 연구결과를 제시하였다. 본 터널은 완공시 길이 16.2Km로 국내최장터널이 된다. 본 터널 현장은 단층, 공동 및 함탄층으로 구성된 지질학적으로 복잡한 지역에 위치한다. 2번사갱 굴착을 위하여 사전에 전기비저항탐사 및 지하레이다탐사 등의 지구물리학적인 탐사방법이 단층, 공동 및 함탄층을 사전에 찾아내는데 활용되었으며, 이 방법은 상당한성과가 있었다. 이 물리탐사결과 및 현지 시추자료는 터널 보강설계를 개선하기 위한 자료로 활용되었다. 강관다단 그라우팅 방법은 단층 및 공동이 발달한 지역에서 좋은 보강 및 그라우팅효과를 발휘함이 입증되었다. 함탄층에서는 스웰렉스 록볼트와 공내 몰탈 그라우팅을 병행한 방법이 효과적임이 확인되었다.