• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1997

A large number of viruses belonging to Genus Hantavirus in Family Bunyaviridae are etiologic agents for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Hantaan (HTN), Seoul (SED), Belgrade (BEL), Puumala (PUU) serotype viruses are well known causative agents for HFRS in Eurasian continent. Among those viruses Hantaan and Seoul serotypes are well known to cause HFRS in Korea, but there are some sporadic incidence by other than Hantaan or Seoul viruses. Recently we have developed the combined Hantaan-Puumala virus vaccine to prevent world-wide occuring HFRS. This combined vaccine is formalin inactivated, suckling mouse and suckling hamster brain extracts for Hantaan and Puumala viruses, respectively. Protein contents of this purified candidate vaccine is $27\;{\mu}g/ml$, which contains 1,024 ELISA antigen units to each virus, but content of myelin basic protein which is causing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is less than 0.1 ng/ml. Thirty hamsters were given twice at one month interval intra-muscularly and bled on 30 days after each vaccination from retro-orbital sinus vein. Antibody titers were tested against 5 major serotype viruses, Hantaan, Seoul, Belgrade, Puumala and Sin Nombre viruses by IFA and PRNT. The mean IF antibody titers on 30 days after primary shot were 78.4, 68.8, 68.8, 37.9, and 15.6; mean neutralizing antibody titers were 65.4, 12, 6.1, 65.6 and 0.5 against Hantaan, Seoul, Belgrade, Puumala and Sin Nombre viruses, respectively. The mean IF antibody titers on 30 days after booster shot were 686.9, 567.5, 550.4, 516.3, and 430.9; and neutralizing antibody titers were 710.8, 41.9, 24.3, 409.9, and 1.6 against Hantaan, Seoul, Belgrade, Puumala and Sin Nombre viruses, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2008

Many alternative biocidal additives were applied to antifouling paint to replace TBT, and Sea-Nine 211 is one of alternating organic booster compounds used in antifouling paint. In this study, extent of Sea-Nine 211 toxicity on marine benthic bivalve is evaluated. Sea-Nine 211 was injected to surf clam, Pseudocardium sachalinensis, that inhabitate northern part of Gangwon Province, Korea. Survival rate of the clam and xenobiotics metabolizing enzyme activities in digestive gland were measured during 4 day-exposure period. The results were compared with those of TBT exposed clam. There were no mortality of clam in the solvent (DMSO) control group and the three Sea-Nine 211 exposure groups (5, 25, 50 mg kg$^{-1}$ body weight), while the clam exposed to 1, 2 and 5 mg kg$^{-1}$ TBT chloride (TBTC) demonstrated 70, 30 and 0% survival rate, respectively. The Sea-Nine 211 exposure group showed a tendency of cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction according to the exposure duration, on the other hand, CYP content was decreased in the TBT exposure group. NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase activity slightly increase according to the exposure duration in the Sea-Nine 211 exposure group, while TBTC inhibit its activity as CYP content. Moreover, there was no significant change of NADH cytochrome b5 reductate activity in the clam epxosed to Sea-Nine 211. In the TBTC exposure group, its activity increased in early exposure period and then significantly decreased the rest of exposure period. All the results indicate that Sea-Nine 211 demonstrated a tendency to induce CYP level, while TBTC inhibits the CYP level, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase activities.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2007

Fayoumi chicks were vaccinated with fowl pox virus vaccine and pigeon pox virus vaccine. The protective potentiality of the two vaccines was compared in field condition in Bangladesh. The percentage of 'take reaction' was assessed to conclude its relationship with better immune response and recorded 93.33% and 100% in birds of group B and group C, respectively. The mean passive hemagglutination (PHA) antibody titre after primary vaccination was $32{\pm}14.81$ in group B and $33{\pm}13.66$ in group C. Following booster vaccination, the mean PHA titres level at pre challenge of group B was $46.93{\pm}16.52\;and\;55.46{\pm}14.64$ in group C. The PHA titre of group B and C at two weeks post challenge recorded $93.86{\pm}33.04\;and\;110.93{\pm}29.29$, respectively. PHA titre significantly (P<0.01) increased after vaccination and post challenge compared to pre- vaccination titre. There was significant variation (p<0.01) of PHA titre at pre challenge in these groups using different vaccine combinations, but all the vaccinated birds resisted challenge infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.215-224
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• 2006

In order to search the availability of the lectin extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) as an adjuvant for the avian vaccines, attempts were made to determine toxicity of the lectin in chicks and its immunostimulating activity on the inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease virus(NDV). For the determination of toxicity, the lectin was injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks(Charles River) of 1-week-old and observed hematologically and pathologically. For the determination of immunostimulating effects, lectin-adjuvanted, inactivated NDV vaccines were injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks in the same age group. Sera of the chicks were examined for the hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) antibodies induced, their HI titers and reaction to the NDV antigens. The data were further compared with those from aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccines and vaccines without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. There were no significant changes observed in the values of RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and total proteins in the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, which means the lectin has no effects on blood values and functions of liver and kidney. In histopathologic observation, no lesions were observed in the brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight. There were inflammatory lesions, such as congestion, hemorrhage, edema, infiltration of macrophages and coagulation necrosis observed in the thigh muscle of chicks administered with lectin of $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, whereas no changes were observed in 1.1 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ lectin administered chicks. In chicks immunized with lectin($4.4{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted B1, LaSota and Ulster 2C vaccines, HI titers in reciprocal values for $log_2$ were 1.8-2.2 at 1 week after vaccination, which was similar with those of 1.5-2.9 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to 3.9-5.3 at 4 weeks, whereas those by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines were more high as 7.3-9.3. Meanwhile, the immunostimulating effects of the lectin were recognized while compared to the HI titers with 2.4-3.7 in chicks immunized with vaccines without adjuvants at 4 weeks after vaccination. The chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines were enough to resist challenges by Kyojeongwon strain, a very virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination as well as chicks immunized with $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to high level as 8.7-10.3 as those with 8.2-9.6 by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines at 6 weeks after vaccination, which may be the booster effects by the challenge virus. Antibodies specific to the HN and F antigens of NDV were observed in the sera of both chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines and $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2006

Background: Memory T lymphocytes of the immune system provide long-term protection in response to bacterial or viral infections/immunization. Ag concentration has also been postulated to be important in determining whether T cell differentiation favors effector versus memory cell development. In the present study we hypothesized that naive Ag-specific $CD4^+$ T cells briefly stimulated with different Ag doses at the primary exposure could affect establishment of memory cell pool after secondary immunization. Methods: To assess this hypothesis, the response kinetics of DO11.10 TCR $CD4^+$ T cells primed with different Ag doses in vitro was measured after adoptive transfer to naive BALB/c mice. Results: Maximum expansion was shown in cells primarily stimulated with high doses of ovalbumin peptide $(OVA_{323-339})$, whereas cells in vitro stimulated with low dose were expanded slightly after in vivo secondary exposure. However, the cells primed with low $OVA_{323-339}$ peptide dose showed least contraction and established higher number of memory cells than other treated groups. When the cell division was analyzed after adoptive transfer, the high dose Ag-stimulated donor cells have undergone seven rounds of cell division at 3 days post-adoptive transfer. However, there was very few division in naive and low dose of peptide-treated group. Conclusion: These results suggest that primary stimulation with a low dose of Ag leads to better memory $CD4^+$ T cell generation after secondary immunization. Therefore, these facts imply that optimally primed $CD4^+$ T cells is necessary to support effective memory pool following administration of booster dose in prime-boost vaccination.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.369-375
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• 2004

In this study, liquid crystalline (LC) is formed using Gemini surfactant (GS) type and moisturizing effect in vivo is measured. $3.0\;wt\%$ of sodium dicocoyl ethylene diamine (PEG)-15 sulfate (SCD-PEG-15S) is used as GS and $4.0\;wt\%$ of hydrogenated dimer acid esters (HDAE) as booster. For stabilizers, $2.0\;wt\%$ of behenyl alcohol (BA) and $1.0\;wt\%$ of Iyso-lecithin (LyL) are utilized. It is stabilized in pH from 4.0 to 10.5 and the best condition is in pH 6.5. The value of viscosity is $8,000\pm500$ cP. The most excellent particles are formed within the range of 4.0 to 15.5 um. Formed LC is observed around LC particles using polarization microscope. It is also observed that lamellar gel network structure is formed around LC particles. Moisturizing effect is improved by $13.6\%$ (P<0.05) compared to control when measured 30 min later after coating samples. After 1 h, moisturizing effect is improved by 1$12.6\%$ (P<0.05) than control while showing $28.3\%$ (P<0.05) of improvement after 4 h. These results may be caused from that manufactured LC forms lamellar structure so that it has better water-holding ability and absorbance of oil increases. This formula could be utilized by delivery system (DS) on skin so that this technology can be applied for manufactuing pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 1973

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the delivery of health services effects the health knowledge of the recipients of that service. 10 was hypothesized that the practical application of theory, though health services rendered by public health nursing students during their field experiences. would have a positive relationship with the quantity and quality of health knowledge of the female population of a given community. In April 1970, ninety five women(between an age 15-49) from Koyang-Gun were interviewed regarding their knowledge and attitudes in four areas of health: maternal health, child health. family planning and tuberculosis prevention. After 11 years(Nov. l971), during which time the women received home visits by student nurses, the women were again interviewed using the original questionnaire. Additionally, they were asked where they had received information about each question. During the 1$\frac{1}{2}$ year period the visits were made by a total of 112 students. They visited the community twice a week. The result were as follows: Maternal health There was marked improvement in the knowledge of specific aspects of maternal health such as the proper instruments needed for cutting the cord and nutritional precaution of pregnancy (p<0.05). In each case 42.0 percent of more of this knowledge was attributed to information gained from the nursing students. However even after the nursing students'visits, the knowledge of other general areas of maternal remained poor. Child health There were increases in the knowledge of the respondents for the time to supplement breast feeding and for time to wean infants (p<0.05). In each case 35.0 percent or more of this information was attributed to the student. The increase in knowledge regarding types of immunization was more often attributed to the clinic nurse than to the nursing students. Knowledge of the necessity of booster immunization was poor both before and after the visits by the nursing students. Family planing There were significant increases in correct information regarding the time of I.U.D. insertion (P<0.05) and method of taking the oral pill (P<0.05). More than 42.0 percent of the increase was attributed to the nursing students'visits. However there was a slight decrease in correct information about concept of family planning. Tuberculosis There was a general lack of improvement in all areas concerned with tuberculosis. Two thirds of the respondents felt tuberculosis was hereditary and did not know what B.C.G. was. From this study, it could be concluded that in specific area the health knowledge of the female population studied was positively effected by the visits of the nursing students. The study also, suggests, however, that there was a marked unevenness in the overall increase in health knowledge. This raises serious questions which require further research. Suggested areas for further research are (1) Adequacy of the course content preparing nurses for the field experience. (2) A public health nursing manual for student reference. (3) Where and when specific aspects of health can be taught most effectively.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

Occupant protection performance in frontal crashes has been developed and assessed for mainly front seat occupants over many years, and in recent years protection of rear seat occupants has also been extensively discussed. Unlike the front seats, the rear seats are often occupied by children seated in rear-facing or forward - facing child restraint systems, or booster seats. In the ENCAP, child occupant protection assessments using 18-month-old(P1.5) and 3-year-old(P3) test dummies in the rear seat have already been changed to new type of 18-month-old (Q1.5)and 3-year-old(Q3) test dummies. In addition, ENCAP are scheduled with the development and introduction of test dummies of 6-year-old (Q6) and 10.5-year-old children(Q10) starting 2016. In KNCAP, Q6 and Q10 child dummies will be introduced in 2017 as well. Automobile manufacturers need to develop safety performance for new child dummies closely. In this paper, we focused on Q6 and Q10 child dummies sitting in child restraint system. Offset frontal crash tests were conducted using two types of test dummies, Q6 and Q10 child dummies, positioned in the rear seat. Q6 and Q10 were used to compare dummy kinematics in rear seating positions between Q6 behind the driver's seat and Q10 behind the front passenger's seat. The full vehicle sled test results of both dummies were conducted with different restraint systems. It showed that several injury and image data was collected as the result of the full vehicle sled test. Based on the results of these investigations, this paper describes which factor is most important and combination is the best performance when evaluating rear seat occupant protection for Q6 and Q10 child dummies.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 1998

Pervaporation separation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol (MeOH) mixture, of which the former compound is well known as the octane booster was carried out. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes crosslinked with poly(acrylic acid) which have been successfully applied on the water-alcohol mixtures were used in this study. The PVA/PAA ratio in the crosslinked membranes was 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 80/20, and 75/25 by weight. The operating temperatures were 30, 40, and 50$\circ$C, and the compositions of MTBE and MeOH to be separated were 95/5, 90/10, and 80/20 (MTBE/MeOH) solutions. PVA/PAA=85/15 membrane showed the separation factor $\alpha_{MeOH/MTBE}$=4000 and the permeation rate of 10.1 g/m$^2$hr for MTBE/MeOH=80/20 solution at 50$\circ$. When the same membrane was used, the separation factor and permeation rate for MTBE/MeOH=90/10 solution at 40$\circ$C were $\alpha_{MeOH/MTBE}$=6000 and 8.5 g/m$^2$hr, respectively. Also, the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the membranes would take an important role in the relationships between the membranes and separation performances in terms of the flux and the separation factor.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.5-15
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• 2001

This study was carried out for production of neutral antibody to bee venom $(anti-phospholipase\;A_2IgY)$. Hen layings were injected repeatedly with bee venom and phospholipase $A_2$ with Freund's adjuvant. Specific antibody in egg yolk from immunized hen laying was separated, and purified, also immunological characteristics of anti phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ was invested. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Phospholipase $A_2$ was showed single band at molecular weight 17,000 in SDS-PAGE and bee venom was showed two band at molecular weight 17,000 and under molecular weight 6,500 in SDS-PAGE. 2. During 70 days after hen immunized with bee venom and phospholipase $A_2$, antibodies(anti-bee venom IgY) to bee venom were showed poor ELISA value in egg yolk, but antibodies$(anti-Phospholipase\;A_2IgY)$ to phospholipase $A_2$ in egg yolk were increased ELISA value from 8 days or 15 days and found maximum ELISA value at 42 days. Also after booster at 49 days, ELISA value of anti Phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ in egg yolk was supported at optical density(O.D) 1.0 level, continuously. 3. Titer of phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ was showed 1: 32,000. 4. In double immunodiffusion test to phospholipase $A_2$ after double dilution of anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$, only precipitation line was made in 1:1 dilution well of anti-Phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$. But In immunodiffusion test to anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ after double dilution of phospholipase $A_2$, Precipitation line to 250ul/ml well of phospholipase $A_2$ was showed. In double immunodiffusion test to bee venom(1mg/ml) after double dilution anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$, all well without 1:32 dilution well were showed strong precipitation line. 5. In dot bloting test to anti-phospholipase $A_2\;IgY$ after diluting bee venom(0.5mg/ml), dot bloting color was showed clearly to $1/100(5{\mu}g/ml)$ in bee venom.