• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.1185-1201
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• 2022

Feller introduced an unfair-fair-game in his famous book [3]. In this game, at each trial, player will win 2^k yuan with probability p_k = 1/2^kk(k + 1), k ∈ ℕ, and zero yuan with probability p₀ = 1 - Σ^∞_k=1 p_k. Because the expected gain is 1, player must pay one yuan as the entrance fee for each trial. Although this game seemed "fair", Feller [2] proved that when the total trial number n is large enough, player will loss n yuan with its probability approximate 1. So it's an "unfair" game. In this paper, we study in depth its convergence in probability, almost sure convergence and convergence in distribution. Furthermore, we try to take 2^k = m to reduce the values of random variables and their corresponding probabilities at the same time, thus a new probability model is introduced, which is called as the related model of Feller's unfair-fair-game. We find out that this new model follows a long-tailed distribution. We obtain its weak law of large numbers, strong law of large numbers and central limit theorem. These results show that their probability limit behaviours of these two models are quite different.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.189-196
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• 2010

It is never an easy task to physically randomize the sequence of cards. For instance, US 1970 draft lottery resulted in a social turmoil since the outcome sequence of 366 birthday numbers showed a significant relationship with the input order (Wikipedia, "Draft Lottery 1969", Retrieved 2009/05/01). We are motivated by Laplace's 1825 book titled Philosophical Essay on Probabilities that says "Suppose that the numbers 1, 2, ..., 100 are placed, according to their natural ordering, in an urn, and suppose further that, after having shaken the urn, to shuffle the numbers, one draws one number. It is clear that if the shuffling has been properly done, each number will have the same chance of being drawn. But if we fear that there are small differences between them depending on the order in which the numbers were put into the urn, we can decrease these differences considerably by placing these numbers in a second urn in the order in which they are drawn from the first urn, and then shaking the second urn to shuffle the numbers. These differences, already imperceptible in the second urn, would be diminished more and more by using a third urn, a fourth urn, &c." (translated by Andrew 1. Dale, 1995, Springer. pp. 35-36). Laplace foresaw what would happen to us in 150 years later, and, even more, suggested the possible tool to handle the problem. But he did omit the detailed arguments for the solution. Thus we would like to write the supplement in modern terms for Laplace in this research note. We formulate the problem with a lottery box model, to which Markov chain theory can be applied. By applying Markov chains repeatedly, one expects the uniform distribution on k states as stationary distribution. Additionally, we show that the probability of even-number of successes in binomial distribution with trials and the success probability $\theta$ approaches to 0.5, as n increases to infinity. Our theory is illustrated to the cases of truncated geometric distribution and the US 1970 draft lottery.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.99-117
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• 2001

This paper reports on the development of an automatic book classification system using the faced classification principles of CC(Colon Classification). To conduct this study, some 670 words in the botanical field were selected, analyzed in terms [P], [M], [E], [S], [T] employed in CC 7, and included in a database for classification. The principle of an automatic classification system is to create classification numbers automatically through automatic subject recognition and processing of key words in titles through the facet combination method of CC. Particularly, a classification database was designed along with a matrix-principle specifying the subject field for each word, which can allow automatic subject recognition possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.23
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• pp.33-62
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• 1992

The purpose of this is to evaluate the contents through the anal us is of the merits and demerits, and its special quality of the Cutter-Sanborn Three-figure Author Table. table. The abstract of this study is as follows : With the results of the analysis of Cutter-Sanborn's Tabls, several advent-age were found in the area of enumerative-ordinal numbering system, mixed notation, and information retrieval. A defect is that each corporate author and serials and reference book's titles are difficult to be numbered, and there is serious diviation in percentages of the numbers assigned to each letter because each letter apportion rate was applied without any criteria. Such phenomenon decrease the effectiveness as author notation in several letters. The separation of headings are seriously unbalanced because the separation of heading is not consistent with actual publishing trends. This phenomenon made difficult individualization of materials in several letters.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.573-594
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• 2004

Four statistics books, one translated by statisticians and three by non-statisticians, are reviewed. They are reviewed in terms of indices and bibliographies, statistical theory and terms, and the history of statistics. In addition, book review articles appeared in daily newspapers are considered. Unfortunately, we can find many(some of them trivial, and some others serious) problems in the translations. Many problems could have been got around if the books had been translated by statisticians. So, conclusion suggested in this article is very simple: Translation of statistics books, especially books for the laymen, is a job that Korean statisticians should not shift to others. Titles of the books reviewed in this article are as follows. 1. Rao, C. Radhakrishna(1997). Statistics and Truth : Putting Chance to Work, Second edition, World Scientific. 2. Best, Joel (2001). Damnel lies and Statistics : Understanding Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, University of California Press. 3. Bennett, Deborah J. (1998). Randomness, Harvard University Press; 4. Salsburg, David (2001). The Lady Tasting Tea : How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century, W. H. Freeman.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 2008

It is generally called that the Donhwang Manuscript[敦煌本] "Sanghallon(傷寒論)" is all the series of documents relating to the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)", included in one of the testaments, which was, in 1900, originally found in the Janggyeong hole[藏經洞], Makgo cave[莫高庸], Donhwang(敦煌), Gamsuk province[甘肅省]. The consecutive numbers of the Manuscript are S 202 and P 3287, the former is called the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)" A-Manuscript[甲本] and the latter consists of the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)" B-Manuscript[乙本] and the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)" C-Manuscript[丙本]. The Donhwang Manuscript is a type of a hurt book, but not a complete form of a book. As the research conducted, it has been proven that the Donhwang Manuscript "Sanghallon(傷寒論)" has the academic values as mentioned below. First, it is highly valuable to inter-related study and revise the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)". Second, it is one of circumstantial evidences to have various kinds of versions of the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)". Third, its findings somehow wipes out arguments concerning with identifying authors of the "Sanghallon(傷寒論) Sanghanrye(傷寒例)" and the "Sanghallon(傷寒論) Byeonmaekbeop(辦脈法)". Fourth, it has turned out that the existing "Geumgweokhamgyeong" is not a forgery, but one of imparted versions of the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)" In conclusion, it could be acknowledged that the discovery of the Donhwang Manuscript "Sanghallon(傷寒論)" enables to arrange and revise the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)", and it has provided researchers with critical evidences about ascertaining many kinds of different versions of the "Sanghallon(傷寒論)". Moreover, we can also find the great contribution of this findings which could clarify various non-proven arguments within many experts and researchers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

This study aims to find basic data for using the quantitative assessment of the sustainability and establishing the systematic index of the planning for local cities to consider the environmentally sound and sustainable development. The research designs to review professional responding to surveys preceded by separate questionnaires and interviews from book reviews, and suggests to make an assessment model of the sustainability for local cities. The research found consequently as follows. Firstly, the research survey items were decides totally 52, grouped 9 assessmental issues and distributed under 4 assessmental domains for the sustainability from the references of book reviews. Secondly, the research result concentrated on the followings from the professional responding to surveys. 1. A most influent factor is the distribution of animals and plants in a nature domain. The next influent factors are the ratio of mass-transportation systems, the numbers of the species of animals and plants, the acreage of conservative forestry, the numbers of reused water resources, and the usage number of water supply, orderly in the nature domain. 2. A most influent factor is the usage number of synthetic detergents in a pollution domain. The next influent factors are the volume of waste water, the number of registered vehicles, the degree of soil pollution, and the charge of development imposition, orderly in the pollution domain. 3. A most influent factor is the acreage of athletic facilities, in an urban domain. the next influent factors are the acreage of recreational facilities, the number and acreage of cultural assets, the number of cultural facilities, the acreage of landscape conservation area, the charge of cultural asset management, orderly in the urban domain. 4. A most influent factor is the number of waste disposal facilities in a participation domain. The next influent factors are the capacity of reused waste, the usage of synthetic detergents, the ratio of waste water disposal, orderly in the participation domain. 5. A most contributed influent domain to the assessment of the sustainability for local cities is the urban domain. The next influent domains are nature domain, participation domain, and pollution domain, orderly in the contribution of the assessment of the sustainability. But, the pollution domain is little relationship with the sustainability. Therefore, it is clear that the abundant greens and the improved level of culture are dominant influences on the sustainabiligy, as like improving the ratio of roadside trees, the acreage of parks, and enlarging the number of cultural facilities.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

We investigate a method to find the least common multiples of numbers in the mathematics book GuIlJib(구일집(九一集), 1724) written by the greatest mathematician Hong Jung Ha(홍정하(洪正夏), 1684~?) in Chosun dynasty and then show his achievement on Number Theory. He first noticed that for the greatest common divisor d and the least common multiple l of two natural numbers a, b, l = $a\frac{b}{d}$ = $b\frac{a}{d}$ and $\frac{a}{d}$, $\frac{b}{d}$ are relatively prime and then obtained that for natural numbers $a_1,\;a_2,{\ldots},a_n$, their greatest common divisor D and least common multiple L, $\frac{ai}{D}$($1{\leq}i{\leq}n$) are relatively prime and there are relatively prime numbers $c_i(1{\leq}i{\leq}n)$ with L = $a_ic_i(1{\leq}i{\leq}n)$. The result is one of the most prominent mathematical results Number Theory in Chosun dynasty. The purpose of this paper is to show a process for Hong Jung Ha to capture and reveal a mathematical structure in the theory.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-45
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• 1994

The purpose of this study are to investigate the actual conditions of residing environment in children's room and it's utilization. Further, basic for the guidence and the effective preparation of children's room and children's residing environment in addition willbe produce through grasping the actual conditions of them.The subjects of this study were 214 5th grade elementary school children living in Taegu. The analysis of the data was done through SPSS pc programs.The major findings of this study can be summarized as follow;1. The greater part of children had their own room, and they had the desk, the book case and the clothes chest in their room. But the numbers of children with the bed were few in comparison to those. And a large number of children wanted to have the bed and the computer in their room.2. There were significant differences in the actual conditions of residing environcent in children’s room according to the independent variables. For example, the existence of children's room was variable according to farther's job(0.1% level).3. The case of having their own room in the period of the lower grades in elemtary school dccupied the highest percentage. A lage number of children passed away time mostly in the women'a guarters. In the cleaner of children's room, the case of doing themselves occupied the highest rate as 51 percent.4. There were significant differences in the actual conditions of utilization in children's room according to the independent variables. For example, the period of separation from their parents was variable according to mother's educational level(5%), father's job(0.1%)and the numbers of room(1%).

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.105-124
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• 2019

This study was to suggest the improvement and the application of KDC 6 for classifying children's books by the literature review and survey. First, it was suggested to shorten the classification numbers by the divisions and subdivisions and to expand the classification numbers by sub-subdivisions according to the library-specific classification policy, using the subject statistics of the children's books held by 20 public libraries affiliated in Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education and representative C libraries. Second, the knowledge picture books and the fairy tales were suggested to be classified according to its subject, and the fairy tales in each country were suggested to be classified by adding sub-subdivisions and genre subdivisions. Third, it was suggested to shelve by collection and location codes that were distinguished by the ages and the reading level for user, to prepare a standard guideline for shelving, and to implement the regular user education about the classification system. This study could contribute to the development of the KDC abridged version for children's books in the future.