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Study on the Evaluation CO2 Emission-Absorption of Concrete in the View of Carbonation (콘크리트의 탄산화 관점에서 CO2 배출량-흡수량 평가에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Sang-Hyun;Lee, Sung-Bok;Lee, Han-Seung
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.85-92
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    • 2009
  • A concrete is considered unfriendly-environmental material because it uses cement which emits much $CO_2$ during producing process. However, a concrete absorbs $CO_2$ through carbonation process during service life. In this paper how much concrete absorbs $CO_2$ through carbonation was calculated using 1) concentration of carbonatable substances in concrete, 2) carbonated volume of concrete, 3) molecular weight of $CO_2$ based on references and the method was proposed. $CO_2$ emission from producing $1m^3$ concrete was calculated based on $CO_2$ emission datum of materials used in concrete. From using these methods that calculate $CO_2$ emission and absorption of concrete, assessment of $CO_2$ emission-absorption against a real apartment was conducted by subtracting absorption $CO_2$ according to service life from $CO_2$ emission in the process of making concrete. As a result, a ratio of absorption over emission of $CO_2$ through concrete carbonation according to service life 40, 60, 80 years was assessed about 3.65, 4.47, 5.18%. An objective of this study is to propose how to calculate emission - absorption of $CO_2$ from producing and using concrete. Although the result value, emission - absorption of $CO_2$, is 5.18% very low when the service life of an apartment is 80years, the value can be improved by reducing emission from using blended cement such as blast furnace slag or increasing replacement ratio of cement and increasing carbonated volume of concrete from expanding service life of a building. This study may be useful when $CO_2$ emission - absorption of concrete is evaluated in the further study.

Evaluation and Reduction of Microbiological Hazard of Spoon and Spoon Case Carried by Nursery School Children (어린이집 유아 휴대 수저 및 수저집의 미생물학적 위해 분석 및 저감화)

  • Kim, Jung-Beom;Park, Yong-Bae;Kim, Ki-Cheol;Kim, Dae-Hwan;Kang, Suk-Ho;Lim, Young-Sik;Park, Po-Hyun;Yoon, Mi-Hye;Lee, Jong-Bok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.116-122
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological hazard of spoons and their cases carried by nursery school children and to evaluate the reduction effects of washing methods and ultraviolet (UV) treatments against Escherichia coli on the spoon and spoon case. A total of 78 spoons and their cases were sampled to test about total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. Total aerobic bacteria were detected over 2.7 log CFU/100 $cm^2$ in 20 out of 36 spoons (55.6%), 9 out of 20 zipper-type spoon cases (45.0%) and 13 out of 22 plastic-type spoon cases (59.1%). Coliform bacteria were also detected in 19 out of 36 spoons (52.8%), 14 out of 20 zipper-type spoon cases (70.0%) and 14 out of 22 plastic-type spoon cases (63.6%). The pathogens tested in this study were not found in all samples except for the zipper-type spoon cases which were contaminated with Staph. aureus (2 samples) and B. cereus (3 samples). The results indicated that the sanitary conditions of spoons and their cases should be improved promptly. To evaluate the reduction effects of washing methods and UV treatments against E. coli, the spoons and their cases were treated at different cleaning times with and without soap, and different UV exposure times, respectively. E. coli with initial cell number of 4 log CFU on the spoons and their cases was not detected when they were cleaned at running water for 30 sec after dish sponging with soap for 30 sec. In UV treatments, E. coli with the same level of washing method was not detected after UV exposure for 15 minute in the spoons and their cases. From the results, the washing and UV treatment should be used to control the microbial contamination of spoons and their cases for more than 1 and 15 minutes, respectively.

Correlation between Sleep Quality and Snack Intake in Third Year Middle and High School Students in the Gwangju Area (광주지역 일부 여자 중·고등학교 3학년 학생의 수면의 질과 간식섭취량의 상관관계)

  • Kim, Hyo Bok;Park, Yang Won
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.212-222
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    • 2013
  • We studied the eating habits and sleeping patterns of 682 middle and high school students in their third year in Gwangju. According to the body mass index (BMI) of the subjects, obesity (over weight) was significantly higher in the third graders of high school students ($20.8{\pm}4.0$, 32.9%) than middle school students ($19.4{\pm}3.8$, 14.2%) (p<0.001). In addition, 71.1% of high school students experienced a lack of sleep compared to 48.8% of middle school students (p<0.001). There was a difference between good and bad sleepers in the number of times they ate snacks and the quantity of their snacks. Good sleepers had more fruit and dairy products (e.g. fruit juice 2~4 times (p<0.05), milk 2~4 times (p<0.001), apples 2~4 times, strawberries 2~4 times (p<0.01), and bananas 2~4 times a week), while bad sleepers consumed more beverages, frozen desserts, flour-based foods, fast food, bread, and rice cake. Bad sleepers clearly consumed snacks more frequently. From analyzing the correlations between sleep quality and snack intake, eating fruits 2~4 times a week (30 g~200 g/once) and drinking dairy products 2~4 times a week (120 mL~400 mL/once) appears to promote better sleeping habits.

Quality Characteristics of Got Mul-Kimchi during Storage by Type of Kimchi Containers Using Plastic Ark Shell (꼬막껍질을 이용한 김치 저장 용기의 종류별 저장 기간에 따른 갓 물김치의 품질 특성)

  • Jung, Bok-Mi;Shin, Hee-Joong;Kim, Hyung-Rak
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.100-107
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of got mul-kimchi during storage by type of kimchi container using a plastic ark shell. The pH level, acidity, hardness, color, sensory evaluation, and microbiological activity were performed. Kimchi containers were prepared with 0%, 2%, and 3% plastic ark shell. The pH level of 2% container samples showed no significant difference compared with that of the control, whereas pH levels of 3% container samples were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the control and 2% sample. Acidity was not different among treatments up to 4 weeks, whereas acidity of 3% container samples was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of the control and 2% samples after 8 weeks. Hardness significantly decreased (P<0.05) upon 0, 2, and 3% treatments with increasing storage time, but there was no significant difference among the treatments. Hunter color L values increased in the order of 0, 3, and 2% with increasing storage time. In sensory evaluation of crunchiness, 3% container samples had significantly (P<0.05) higher crunchiness than the control. Total viable cells in the 3% container with got mul-kimchi were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of other samples at 12 and 16 weeks of fermentation. Numbers of lactic acid bacteria in the 2% and 3% container samples were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of the control samples after 16 weeks of fermentation. These results show that the plastic ark shell kimchi container extended storage compared with the control.

Catalyst Carriers Preparation and Investigation of Catalytic Activities for Partial Oxidation of Methane to Hydrogen over Ru Impregnated on SPK and SPM Catalysts (메탄의 부분산화반응으로부터 수소제조를 위한 촉매담체(SPK, SPM) 제조 및 Ru 담지 촉매의 활성도 조사)

  • Seo, Ho Joon;Fan, Shijian;Kim, Yong Sung;Jung, Do Sung;Kang, Ung Il;Cho, Yeong Bok;Kim, Sang Chai;Kwon, Oh-Yun;Sunwoo, Chang Shin;Yu, Eui Yeon
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.581-584
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    • 2008
  • The catalyst carriers of the mesoporous layer compounds were prepared to carry out the partial oxidation of methane(POM) to hydrogen. The catalytic activities of POM to hydrogen were investigated over Ru(3)/SPK and Ru(3)/SPM catalyst in a fixed bed flow reactor under atmosphere. In addition, the catalysts and carriers were characterized by BET, TEM, TPR. The BET surface areas of the silica-pillared $H^+-kenyaite$(SPK) and the silica-pillared $H^+-magadite$(SPM) were $760m^2/g$ and $810m^2/g$, repectively, and the average pore sizes were 3.0 nm and 2.6 nm, repectively. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were type IV with developed hysteresis. The TEM showed that the mesoporous layer compounds were formed well. The Ru(3)/SPK and the Ru(3)/SPM catalyst were obtained high hydrogen yields(90%, 87%), and were kept constant high hydrogen yields even about 60 hours at 973 K, $CH_4/O_2=2$, $1.25{\times}10^{-5}g-Cat.hr/ml$. The TPR peaks of Ru(3)/SPK and the Ru(3)/SPM catalyst showed the similar reducibilities around 453 K and 413 K. It could be suggested that SPK and SPM had the physicochemical properties as oxidation catalyst carries from these analysis data.

Removal of Alkali Metal Ion using Inorganic Ion Exchanger (무기이온교환제를 이용한 알카리 금속이온 제거)

  • Ha, Ji-Won;Yi, Kwang Bok;Lee, Si Hyun;Rhee, Young-Woo;Kim, Jong-Nam
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.423-429
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    • 2008
  • Currently, Ash-free clean coal producing process by solvent extraction is under development. The produced ash-free clean coal can be directly combusted in a gas turbine which results in substantial improvement of power generation efficiency. However, the clean coal produced by the solvent extraction still contain trace amount of alkali metal which may cause corrosion on turbine blades during the direct combustion. In present work ${\alpha},{\beta}$-metal (Zr and Ti) phosphates and H-Y zeolite were synthesized and their ion exchange characterizations were investigated for the application on alkali metal removal for clean coal production. $Na^+$ ion removal capacities of the metal phosphates and H-Y zeolite were measured and compared in both aqueous solution (100 ppmw, $Na^+$) and coal dissolved N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, 12 ppmw $Na^+$) at elevated temperature. In aqueous solution, the ${\beta}$ form metal phosphates showed very high ion exchange capacities compared to ${\alpha}$ form. ${\beta}$ form metal phosphates also showed higher $Na^+$ removal capacities than H-Y zeolite. In ion exchange medium of NMP, all the ${\alpha}$ form metal phosphates showed over 90% of $Na^+$ ion removal efficiency in the temperature range of 200 to 400 while that of H-Y zeolite decreased as a half when the temperature was over 350. In addition, the regenerated metal phosphates by acid treatment showed no sign of degradation in $Na^+$ removal efficiency. Among the metal phosphates used, $Zr_{0.75}Ti_{0.25}(HPO_4)_2$ showed the best performance in $Na^+$ removal and is expected to be the most suitable inorganic ion exchanger for the alkali metal removal process.

Effects of Jeju Citrus unshiu Peel Extracts Before and After Bioconversion with Cytolase on Anti-Inflammatory Activity in RAW264.7 Cells (면역세포에서 Bioconversion 전후 제주 감귤 과피 추출물의 항염증 효과)

  • Seo, Jieun;Lim, Heejin;Chang, Yun-Hee;Park, Hye-Ryeon;Han, Bok-Kyung;Jeong, Jung-Ky;Choi, Kyoung-Sook;Park, Su-Beom;Choi, Hyuk-Joon;Hwang, Jinah
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.331-337
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    • 2015
  • Citrus and its peels, which are by-products from juice and/or jam processing, have long been used in Asian folk medicine. Citrus peels show an abundant variety of flavanones, and these flavanones have glycone and aglycone forms. Aglycones are more potent than glycones with a variety of physiological functions since aglycone absorption is more efficient than glycones. Bioconversion with cytolase converted narirutin and naringin into naringenin and hesperidin into hesperetin. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Citrus unshiu (CU) peel extracts with cytolase (CU-C) in RAW264.7 cells. HPLC chromatograms showed that CU and CU-C had 23.42% and 29.39% total flavonoids, respectively. There was substantial bioconversion of narirutin to naringenin and of hesperidin to hesperetin. All citrus peel extracts showed DPPH scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner, and CU-C was more potent than intact CU. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with $0{\sim}500{\mu}g/mL$ of citrus peel extracts for 4 h and then stimulated by $1{\mu}g/mL$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. All citrus peel extracts showed decreased mRNA levels and protein expression of LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Especially, CU-C markedly inhibited mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 compared to intact citrus peel extracts. All citrus peel extracts showed decreased NO production by iNOS activity. This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peel extracts with cytolase may provide potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by boosting the anti-inflammatory effects of citrus peels.

A basic research for evaluation of a Home Care Nursing Delivery System (가정간호 서비스 질 평가를 위한 도구개발연구)

  • Kim, Mo-Im;Cho, Won-Jung;Kim, Eui-Sook;Kim, Sung-Kyu;Chang, Soon-Bok;Ryu, Ho-Sihn
    • Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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    • v.6
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    • pp.33-45
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

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ANC Caching Technique for Replacement of Execution Code on Active Network Environment (액티브 네트워크 환경에서 실행 코드 교체를 위한 ANC 캐싱 기법)

  • Jang Chang-bok;Lee Moo-Hun;Cho Sung-Hoon;Choi Eui-In
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.30 no.9B
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    • pp.610-618
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    • 2005
  • As developed Internet and Computer Capability, Many Users take the many information through the network. So requirement of User that use to network was rapidly increased and become various. But it spend much time to accept user requirement on current network, so studied such as Active network for solved it. This Active node on Active network have the capability that stored and processed execution code aside from capability of forwarding packet on current network. So required execution code for executed packet arrived in active node, if execution code should not be in active node, have to take by request previous Action node and Code Server to it. But if this execution code take from previous active node and Code Server, bring to time delay by transport execution code and increased traffic of network and execution time. So, As used execution code stored in cache on active node, it need to increase execution time and decreased number of request. So, our paper suggest ANC caching technique that able to decrease number of execution code request and time of execution code by efficiently store execution code to active node. ANC caching technique may decrease the network traffic and execution time of code, to decrease request of execution code from previous active node.

A Study on the analysis of activities of t?e 5.H.T. (5.H.T. in Pusan City) (부산지역 양호교사의 업무분석에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Lee-Sun;Kim, Bok-Yong
    • Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.465-502
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    • 1989
  • The purpose of this study was to find out the general characteristics of school health teachers, the status of school health resources and the degrees of self-confident performance for the 124 school health teachers in Pusan City. Data was collected by means of questionaires from Aug. 1986 to Mar. 1987. The data were analyzed by use of percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson-correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows: 1 . General Characteristics of School Health Teachers (SHT) 1) The average of age of the SHT was 32.8 years old and 39.5% of them were from 30 to 34 years old. 2) The average for school nursing experience of the SHT was 7.9 years and 37.9% of them were from 5 to 9 years. 3) The 45.2% of them have not the clinical experience. 4) The 74.2% of them were graduated from the 3 years college of nursing. 2. Status of school health resources and nursing activities. 1) The average of student number was 2497.3 and class number was 45.2. 2) The average of school health budget was 1039000 won and 27.7% of school health budget expended on examination cost. 3) Only 29.0% of all schools have organization for school health. 4) The 84.7% of all schools have health clinic separately and 69.1% of schools have less than $33m^2$ sized. 5) The average of clinic visitor number was 2111.8 for 1 year. 6) Major problem was on digestive system. And other problems were skin, respiratory, musculo-skeletal system and dental problem. 7) The number of literal message was 14.4 times for 1 year. 3. The degree of the school health teachers' self-confidence. The school health teachers' self-confidence was deviced into 6 and the maximum degree was 4. 1) Program planning & evaluation; 2.8 2) Clinic management; 2.9 3) Health education, 3.0 4) Management of school environment; 2.7 5) Health care services; 2.7 6) Operating of school health organization; 2.4 4. Significances to the degree of self-confidence on school health nursing activities. 1) There was significant difference between clinical management and Religion (t=2.15 p<.05) 2) There was significant difference between Operating of school health organization and level of school (F=3.588 p<.05) 3) Program planning & evaluation: expending time for clinical management (r=-0.184 p<.05) expending time for health care services (r=0.273 p<.01) 4) Clinical management: use of separate health clinic (r=0.151 p<.05) 5) Health education: use of separate health clinic (r=0.170 p<0.5) 6) Health care services: No. of student (r=-0.144 p<0.5) No. of class (r=-0.160 p<.05) 5. The degree of the school health teachers' self-discipline. The school health teachers' self-discipline was devided into 2 and the maximum degree was 2. 1) Program planning & evaluation:1.8 2) Clinic management: 1.9 3) Health education: 1.9 4) Management of school environment: 1.7 5) Health care services: 1.8 6) Operating of school health organization.: 1.3 6. Significances to the degree of self-discipline on school health nursing activities 1) Program planning & evaluation; Level of nursing education (F=4.309 p<.01) 2) Clinical management: Level of nursing education (F=3.587 p<.05) 3) Operating of school health organization: School health organization (t=-2.68 p<.01) 4) Health care services: School health organization (t=2,58 p<.05) 5) School health performance: School health organization (t=2.32 p<.05) 6) Program planning & evaluation: School health experience (r=0.239 p<.01) Expending time for program planning & evaluation (r=-0.172 p<.05) 7) Clinic management: School health experience (r=0.249 p<.01) Expending time for dinic management (r=0.181 p<.05) No. of student (r=-0.158 p<.05) Expending time of program planning & evaluation (r=-0.199 p<0.5) 8) Health education: School health experience (r=0.234 p<0.1) Expending time of program planning & evaluation (r=-0.193 p<.05) 9) Management of school environment: Age of school health teacher (r=0.142 p<.05) School health experience (r=0.255 p<.01) 10) Operating of school health organization: Medicine Purchase (r=-0.163 p<.05) 11) Health care services: School health experience (r=0.148 p<.05) Medicine purchase (r=-0.229 p<.01) 12) Total school health performance: School health experience (r=0.200 p<.05) Medicine purchase(r=-0.168 p<.05) Based on the above results, the suggestions are as follows: 1) As the SHT take charge of the reasonable number of student, the students will have benefit of the good health service in quality. 2) It is recommended to use the health clinic separately and to arrange adequate place for good school health service. 3) It is necessary that the SHT participate budget for school health. 4) It is required to enhance self-confidence on school health nursing activities through continuous educational programs.

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