• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1192-1200
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• 2008

This paper is concerned with the thermal design of the $138,000m^3$ class membrane type LNGC. To predict the temperature distribution, BOG and BOR, 3-dimensional numerical calculation was carried-out for the quarter of No.3 LNG tank. These sequence analyses were performed under the standard conditions of IMO ship design condition, USCG ship design condition and the Korean flag LNGC's route condition according to the 6-voyage modes. As the results, temperature behavior, heat flux, total penetrating heat, BOG and BOR were obtained, and those were compared with the maneuvering results considering the real temperature variation of air and sea water temperature at noon time. For securing the safety of LNGC during the ballast voyage, optimum control patterns of pressure and temperature in LNG tank is suggested in this paper.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.650-656
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• 2023

In order to efficiently control boil-off rate of a liquefied hydrogen tank, the important thing is to maintain an appropriate vacuum level. however, compared to small and medium-sized storage tank, it is very difficult to create and maintain vacuum in large-capacity storage tanks. In this study, we aim to determine the target level of future large-capacity storage tank technology development and secure basic data on performance test methods by analyzing the corelation between evaporation gas and thermal conductivity of liquefied hydrogen storage tanks.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.174-179
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• 2016

해양의 환경오염을 줄이기 위하여 LNG 운송선박, 벙커링 선박 및 LNG를 연료로 추진되는 선박의 건조가 증가하고 있다. 이러한 LNG 선박의 저장탱크들은 외부로부터의 열유입으로 증발가스가 지속적으로 발생하고 있으며, 최근 국내 조선사들은 이 BOG를 재액화하여 회수하는 장치를 개발하여 보급하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 부분재액화 처리장치들의 이론적 최대 재액화 수율을 분석하고 재액화 수율에 미치는 영향 인자들을 비교하였다. 해석결과, BOG와 플래시 가스가 보유한 냉열을 열교환으로 간접 이용하는 부분재액화 처리장치는 최대 48.7%가 되었으며, BOG와 플래시 가스가 혼합 합체되어 냉열이 직접 이용되는 부분재액화 처리장치는 최대 41%로 해석되었다. 또한 액체 수율에 크게 영향을 미치는 인자로는 열교환기의 효율로 열교환기의 성능과 단열이 매우 중요한 것임을 알 수 있다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2024

In this study, sloshing effects on the heat transfer coefficient of the vertical walls in a membrane type LNG cargo containment system (CCS) were analyzed. To develop correlations of the heat transfer coefficient incorporating sloshing effects, experiments were conducted to measure the heat transfer coefficient of an oscillating vertical plate. Based on experiments, two different correlations were developed which are each applicable to vertical and horizontal oscillations. Using the developed correlations, the heat flow rate penetrated into the vertical walls in KC-1 CCS was investigated under sloshing conditions. The results showed that the penetrated heat flow rate increases with the sloshing speed, which is defined as the product of the sloshing amplitude and the frequency. The maximum increase ratio of the heat flow rate was found to be about 7.5% at the sloshing speed of 10m/s. Also, it was found that the penetrated heat flow rate more increases when the CCS oscillates in the perpendicular direction to the vertical walls, than the parallel direction to the vertical walls. This study suggests that the increase in wall heat transfer coefficients has to be considered when evaluating the boil-off rate of CCSs that are shaking due to sloshing.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.78-82
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• 2009

We have fabricated a helmet type magnetoencephalogrphy(MEG) with a $1^{st}$ order gradiometer in vacuum to improve the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and the boil-off rate of liquid helium(LHe). The axial type first-order gradiometer was fabricated with a double relaxation oscillation SQUID(DROS) sensor which was directly connected with a pickup coil. The neck space of LHe dewar was made to be smaller than that of a conventional dewar, but the LHe boil-off ratio appeared to increase. To reduce the temperature of low Tc SQUID sensor and pickup coil to 9 K, a metal shield made of, such as copper, brass or aluminum, have been usually used for thermal transmission. But the metal shield exhibited high thermal noise and eddy current fluctuation. We quantified the thermal noise and the eddy current fluctuation of metal. In this experiment, we used the bobbin which was made of an alumina to wind Nb superconductive wire for pickup coil and the average noise of coil-in-vacuum type MEG system was $3.5fT/Hz^{1/2}$. Finally, we measured the auditory evoked signal to prove the reliability of coil-in-vacuum type MEG system.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2017

Recently, a new type of LNG membrane Tank called the "KC-1 membrane LNG Tank" was developed by KOGAS (Korean Gas Corporation). It is necessary to estimate the temperature distribution of the hull structure and insulation system for this new LNG tank, as well as the BOR (Boil-Off Rate) when exposed to outside temperature conditions to ensure the integrity of the tank structure and limit LNG evaporation, from a safety evaluation point of view. In this study, temperature distribution calculations for the hull structure and insulation system of the KC1 membrane tank were compared by employing four numerical approaches under the IGC condition. Approaches 1-3 studied 2D simulations and approach 4 used a 3D numerical simulation. Approach 1 was calculated by in-house Excel VBA codes and the three other approaches utilized ANSYS Fluent. The BOR of approach 4, the 3D simulation case, for the IGC condition was 0.0986%/day.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2020

액화 수소 운반선에서 증발가스의 발생은 불가피하며, 화물탱크 내부의 압력 문제를 피하기 위해 적절한 조치가 필요하다. 이 증발 가스는 선박의 추진연료로 사용 될 수 있으며, 추진에 사용되고 남은 나머지 부분은 재액화 또는 연소시키는 등 효과적으로 관리해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 수소 추진 시스템을 갖춘 160,000㎥ 액화 수소 운반선에 최적화된 증발 가스 재액화 시스템을 제안한다. 이 시스템은 수소 압축 및 헬륨 냉매 섹션으로 구성되고, 화물탱크로부터 배출되는 증발가스의 냉열을 효과적으로 활용하여 효율을 증가시켰다. 본 연구에서는 공급 온도 -220℃인 수소 증발가스가 재액화 시스템에 들어가는 상태에서 증발가스의 재액화 비율에 따른 엑서지 효율 및 에너지 소모율 (SEC, Specific Energy Consumption) 분석을 통해 시스템을 평가하였다. 그 결과 재액화 비율 20%에서 4.11kWh/kgLH₂의 SEC와 60.1%의 엑서지 효율을 보여 주었다. 아울러, 수소 압축압력, 수소 팽창기의 입구온도, 공급 증발가스 온도변화에 따른 영향을 확인하였다.

• 청정기술
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

화석연료로부터 에너지를 얻을 때, 연소반응에 의해 이산화탄소가 생성되어 진다. 이렇게 이산화탄소의 배출이 늘어나게 되면 지구온난화 문제가 더욱 심각해지게 된다. 따라서 이를 방지하기 위한 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장기술(carbon capture and storage, CCS) 개발이 요구되고 있다. 하지만 액화 이산화탄소를 수송 시 여러 문제로 인해 지속적으로 BOG (boil-off gas)가 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 $40m^3$저장 탱크 2대에 액화 이산화탄소를 주입하여 압력변화 및 외부열과 선적, 하역 시 발생하는 BOG의 양과 조성을 30일 간 측정하였다. 측정한 결과 16,040 kg의 BOG가 발생하였으며, 조성은 $CO_2$ 99.95%, $N_2$ 0.05%인 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 상용성 모사기인 PRO/II with PROVISION 9.2를 이용하여 발생한 BOG를 증기 재압축 냉동사이클을 통해 재액화 하는 전산모사를 수행하였다. 그 결과 냉동사이클의 총 순환유량은 42.07 kg/h, 응축기 설비의 소모량은 48.85 kg/h가 나오는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.642-650
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• 2016

One of the most feasible solution for reducing the excessive energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission is usage of more efficient fuel such as hydrogen. As is well known, there are three viable technologies for storing hydrogen fuel: compressed gas, metal hydride absorption, and cryogenic liquid. In these technologies, the storage for liquid hydrogen has better energy density by weight than other storage methods. However, the cryogenic liquid storage has a significant disadvantage of boiling losses. That is, high performance of thermal insulation systems must be studied for reducing the boiling losses. This paper presents an experimental study on the effective thermal conductivities of the composite layered insulation with aerogel blankets($Cryogel^{(R)}$ Z and $Pyrogel^{(R)}$ XT-E) and Multi-layer insulation(MLI). The aerogel blankets are known as high porous materials and the good insulators within a soft vacuum range($10^{-3}{\sim}1$ Torr). Also, MLI is known as the best insulator within a high vacuum range(<$10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-3}$ Torr). A vertical axial cryogenic experimental apparatus was designed to investigate the thermal performance of the composite layered insulators under cryogenic conditions as well as consist of a cold mass tank, a heat absorber, annular vacuum space, and an insulators space. The composite insulators were laminated in the insulator space that height was 50 mm. In this study, the effective thermal conductivities of the materials were evaluated by measuring boil-off rate of liquid nitrogen and liquid argon in the cold mass tank.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2023

This paper presents the design of a re-liquefaction system as a BOG (boil-off gas) handling process in liquid hydrogen transport vessels. The total capacity of the re-liquefaction system was assumed to be 3 ton/day, with a BOR (boil-off rate) of 0.2 %/day inside the cargo. The re-liquefaction cycle was devised using the He-Brayton Cycle, incorporating considerations of BOG capacity and operational stability. The primary components of the system, such as compressors, expanders, and heat exchangers, were selected to meet domestically available specifications. Case studies were conducted based on the specifications of the components to determine the optimal design parameters for the re-liquefaction system. This encompassed variables such as helium mass flow rate, the number of compressors, compressor inlet pressure and compression ratio, as well as the quantity and composition of expanders. Additionally, an analysis of exergy destruction and exergy efficiency was carried out for the components within the system. Remarkably, while previous design studies of BOG re-liquefaction systems for liquid hydrogen vessels were confined to theoretical and analytical realms, this research distinguishes itself by accounting for practical implementation through equipment and system design.