• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.335-344
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• 2004

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), a glycoprotein mainly secreted by CD4+ T helper Iymphocytes, has been developed to use recombinant cytokine to augment the immune response against cancer since IL-2 not only stimulates T Iymphocytes but also enhances natural killer (NK) cell activity. In order to evaluate the immunological safety of recombinant mouse IL-2 (rmIL-2) in cancer therapy, renal cell carcinoma was established in the flank by s.c. injection of renca cell line. Tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were treated with I.p. injections with $2{\times}10^5$ Lu rmIL-2. Even though the tumor size was diminished, there were not significant recovery of body and relative lymphoid organ weights including thymic atrophy in rmIL-2 immunotherapy. Distribution ratios of T cell subsets in thymus were analysed using flow cytometry. Without regard to dosage of rmIL-2, the ratio of CD3+CD4-CD8- T cells was increased in accordance with survival of solid tumor but that of CD4+CD8+ T cells was decreased dramatically. Emergence of autoantibodies (ANA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-histone) in blood was measured after rmIL-2 treatment. The results showed that the levels of ANA and anti-dsDNA did not significantly changed, but the level of anti-histone was increased significantly owing to rmIL-2 therapy. These results indicate rmIL-2 immunotherapy is to induce the autoimmune potential, and the anti-histone measurement as a biomarker of autoimmunity is useful in cancer immunotherapy.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2008

The ECG is biomedical electrical signal occurring on the surface of the body due to the contraction and relaxation of the heart. This signal represents an extremely important measure for health monitoring, as it provides vital information about a patient's cardiac condition and general health. ECG signals are contaminated with high frequency noise such as power line interference, muscle artifact and low frequency nose such as motion artifact. But it is difficult to filter nose from ECG signal, and errors resulting from filtering can distort a ECG signal. The present study implemented a small-size and low-power ECG measurement system that can remove motion artifact for convenient health monitoring during daily life. The implemented ECG monitoring system consists of ECG amplifier, a low power microprocessor, bluetooth module and monitoring program. Amplifier was designed and implemented using low power instrumentation amplifier, and microprocessor was interfaced to the ECG amplifier to collect the data, process, store and feed to a transmitter. And bluetooth module used to wirelessly transmit and receive the vital sign data from the microprocessor to an PC at the receiving site. In order to evaluate the performance of the implemented system, we assessed motion artifact rejection performance in each situation with artificially set condition using adaptive filter.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.247-254
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• 1996

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 9 pregnant Korea Jin-do dog from days 15 to 60 to determine the size of gestational structures throughout pregnancy. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (Day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. Extra-fetal structures were measureable from days 17 to 49. Outer uterine diameter increased from $7.0{\pm}0.7$ ($mean{\pm}SD$)mm at day 17 to $54.0{\pm}2.2mm$ at day 49 and inner chorionic cavity diameter increased from $3.0{\pm}0.7mm$ at day 17 to $37.5{\pm}0.6mm$ at day 49. Uterine wall thickness increased from $2.8{\pm}0.4mm$ at day 17 to $8.3{\pm}0.5mm$ at day 49, placental thickness increased from $1.0{\pm}0.1mm$ at day 22 to $5.7{\pm}0.2mm$ at day 49 and length of chorionic cavity or zonary placenta increased from $5.5{\pm}1.3mm$ at day 20 to $52.3{\pm}2.2mm$ at day 49. Inner chorionic cavity diameter, outer uterine diameter and placental length each increased at a linear rate through day 37, after which time, each had a marked plateau in growth. Of the extra-fetal structures, inner chorionic cavity diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age until day 37. Fetal structures were measureable from days l7 to 60. Crown-rump length, increased from $3.0{\pm}0.7mm$ at day 22 to $118.7{\pm}3.1mm$ at day 49, fetal body diameter increased from $4.0{\pm}0.7mm$ at day 25 to $55.8{\pm}1.7mm$ at day 60 and fetal head diameter increased from $4.3{\pm}0.6mm$ at day 26 to $29.8{\pm}0.8mm$ at day 60. Of the fetal structures, fetal head diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age from day 37 until day 60.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2008

This study was intended to investigate whether the computer use hours affect physical development, dietary habits, and nutritional status or not. One hundred and ninety elementary school students from Gyeonggi province and Seoul were selected and surveyed during December, 2006. Participants were divided into 2 groups: long-time computer user (${\geq}$ 2 hrs./day) and short-time computer user (<2hrs./day). The survey included the questionnaires and anthropometric measurement. A dietary survey was conducted by using 24-hour recall method. The most of long-time computer user accessed computer more often than those of short-time computer user weekly bases. The purpose of the computer use was for the computer game (p < 0.05). Most participants accessed computer after the school at night and at their home. The longer the computer use, the more the body weight and %RBW (p < 0.05). Dietary habits score of long-time computer user 34.5 points) was lower than that of short-time computer user (38.0 points) (p < 0.001). The long-time computer user consumed more fatty foods, instant foods, and sugary foods. In case of dietary habit changes incurred by computer use, the long-time computer user had inferior dietary habits: skipping meals, meal size, appetite, eating speed, weight, exercise, and sleeping trouble (p < 0.05). The long-time computer user consumed less calories than the short-time computer user (p < 0.05). Also, the long-time computer user tended to have lower intakes of vitamin C, Ca, and dietary fiber without significance. From the findings, the longer use of computer by the elementary school children negatively affects their physical development, dietary habits and nutritional status.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and age by using dynamic computed tomography (CT) and Patlak plot analysis in dogs. Fifteen dogs were used in this study. CT-GFR study was performed under general anesthesia using propofol and isoflurane. 1 ml/kg dosage of 300 mgI/ml iohexol was administered at a rate of 3 ml/s during GFR measurement. CT-GFR was determined with a single-slice dynamic acquisition and Patlak plot analysis. The individual and global GFR values were calculated to plasma clearance per body weight (ml/min/kg). Bodyweight ($mean{\pm}SD$) ranged from 2.0 to 5.7 kg ($3.31{\pm}1.13$ kg). Age ranged from 3 years to 13 years old ($7.14{\pm}3.30$). $Mean{\pm}SD$ creatinine ($0.53{\pm}0.34 $mg/dl), phosphorus ($4.1{\pm}1.2$ mg/dL), and albumin ($3.3{\pm}0.3$ mg/dL) concentrations and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (all ratios were < 0.5) were within reference ranges. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed small-sized renal calculi, mineralization, or renal cyst at eight dogs. The global CT-GFR ranges shown in this study was 2.57 to 6.60 ml/min/kg. In this study, there was no trend toward weight-adjusted CT-GFR with increasing age. We found no relationships between age-related kidney dysfunction in fifteen dogs. Small-sized renal calculi or cysts did not affect renal function in this study. However, it is thought that a large sample size may have been required to document an age effect.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 1998

Acute and chronic responses to PCB toxicity of Neomysis awatschensis were studied by measurement of bioassay, growth, oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion with concentrations of PCB at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. 96 hr.-$LC_50$ at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$ were 28.7492 pub and 10.6742 pub, respectively. Survival rates during 60 days exposured to chronic PCB concentrations of 0.5 pub, 1.0 pub, 1.5 pub and 2,0 pub at $10^{\circ}C$ were $85\%,\;80\%,\;75\%$ and $75\%$, respectively and suwival rates at $20^{\circ}C$ $85\%,\;75\%,\;75\%$ and $65\%$, respectively. Average daily growth rate of N. awatschensis exposed to chronic PCB concentrations at $10^{\circ}C$ were 0.039 mm/day in control group and 0.036 mm/day at concentration of 2.0 ppb, while their rates at $20^{\circ}C$ showed 0.072 mm/day in central group and 0.039 mm/day at 2,0 ppb. The growth factors were some similarities between the chronic PCB concentrations, but intermolt periods were related to body size of mysids, temperature and PCB toxicity. Changes in oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion rates during 60 days exposure to PCB toxicity showed higher in high groups of PCB concentrations. Assimilation and feeding rates of N. awatschensis fed Artemia sp. decreased with increase of PCB concentration at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 2021

Three specimens, presumed to be natural hybrids between Rhodeus notatus and R. ocellatus, were collected from Onyangcheon Stream area, Jwabu-dong, Asan-si, Chungcheongnamdo, the Republic of Korea, and morphological and phylogenetic analyses were performed to clearly identify their parent species. The body color of the three natural hybrids was light greenish-brown on dorsal side, and the size of red area on the upper front of the dorsal fin and the outer margin of the anal fin generally showed intermediate characters between the parent species, R. notatus and R. ocellatus. Among the measurement and meristic characters, the ratio of prepectoral length and preanal length in the standard length, and the ratio of snout length, interorbital width, length of caudal peduncle and depth of caudal peduncle in the head length, and the number of longitudinal row scales were analyzed as the unique characters of natural hybrids. In the rag1 gene of nuclear DNA, the three natural hybrids were analyzed to be reflected all the single nucleotide polymorphism sites between R. notatus and R. ocellatus, and in the phylogenetic tree using the cytb gene of mitochondrial DNA, they formed the same genetic clade as R. notatus. Therefore, three specimens, presumed to be natural hybrids analyzed in this study were identified as interspecific hybrids between female R. notatus and male R. ocellatus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1033-1039
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• 2023

Low-dose chest CT, which is used as a lung screening test, also includes information on coronary artery calcification within the scan range. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of determining coronary artery calcification using Low-dose chest CT. Those who underwent low-dose chest CT and coronary artery calcification score CT on the same day were eligible. Coronary artery calcium score CT results were divided into 4 groups (Low: 1〈CACS〈10, Mild: 10〈CACS〈100, Moderate: 100〈CACS〈400, High: 400〈CACS) by referring to the Coronary artery calcium score categories and risks. After selecting 30 people each group, five radiotechnologists with more than 15 years of experience in coronary artery calcium measurement retrospectively analyzed the presence or absence of coronary artery calcification in low-dose chest CT images. The results of the five observers' uniform interpretation of the low-dose chest CT image were consistent with the coronary artery calcium score CT results in Low group: 56%, Mild group: 96.6%, Moderate group: 100%, and High group: 100%. appeared. In the Low group, all 5 observers observed calcification in 17 out of 30 cases, and in 7 cases all 5 observers decided that calcification could not be identified. Coronary artery calcification could be observed in 100% of asymptomatic adults with a calcium score of 15 or higher in low-dose chest CT scans. The minimum calcium score that can be identified is 1, and it was found that even very small calcifications can be identified when the subject's body size is small or the scan is performed at a time when heart movement is minimal.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2013

Purpose: High-energy radiotherapy with 10 MV or higher develops photoneutron through photonuclear reaction. Photoneutron has higher radiation weighting factor than X-ray, thus low dose can greatly affect the human body. An accurate dosimetric calculation and consultation are needed. This study compared and analyzed the dose change of photoneutron in terms of space according to the size of photon beam energy and treatment methods. Materials and Methods: To measure the dose change of photoneutron by the size of photon beam energy, patients with the same therapy area were recruited and conventional plans with 10 MV and 15 MV were each made. To measure the difference between the two treatment methods, 10 MV conventional plan and 10 MV IMRT plan was made. A detector was placed at the point which was 100 cm away from the photon beam isocenter, which was placed in the center of $^3He$ proportional counter, and the photoneutron dose was measured. $^3He$ proportional counter was placed 50 cm longitudinally superior to and inferior to the couch with the central point as the standard to measure the dose change by position changes. A commercial program was used for dose change analysis. Results: The average integral dose by energy size was $220.27{\mu}Sv$ and $526.61{\mu}Sv$ in 10 MV and 15 MV conventional RT, respectively. The average dose increased 2.39 times in 15 MV conventional RT. The average photoneutron integral dose in conventional RT and IMRT with the same energy was $220.27{\mu}Sv$ and $308.27{\mu}Sv$ each; the dose in IMRT increased 1.40 times. The average photoneutron integral dose by measurement location resulted significantly higher in point 2 than 3 in conventional RT, 7.1% higher in 10 MV, and 3.0% higher in 15 MV. Conclusion: When high energy radiotherapy, it should consider energy selection, treatment method and patient position to reduce unnecessary dose by photoneutron. Also, the dose data of photoneutron needs to be systematized to find methods to apply computerization programs. This is considered to decrease secondary cancer probabilities and side effects due to radiation therapy and to minimize unnecessary dose for the patients.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2017

Purpose: The proton used in proton therapy has a characteristic of giving a small dose to the normal tissue in front of the tumor site while forming a Bragg peak at the cancer tissue site and giving up the maximum dose and disappearing immediately. It is very important to verify the proton arrival position. In this study, we used the off-line PET CT method to measure the distribution of positron emitted from nucleons such as 11C (half-life = 20 min), 150 (half-life = 2 min) and 13N The range and distal falloff point of the proton were verified by measurement. Materials and Methods: In the IEC 2001 Body Phantom, 37 mm, 28 mm, and 22 mm spheres were inserted. The phantom was filled with water to obtain a CT image for each sphere size. To verify the proton range and distal falloff points, As a treatment planning system, SOBP were set at 46 mm on 37 mm sphere, 37 mm on 28 mm, and 33 mm on 22 mm sphere for each sphere size. The proton was scanned in the same center with a single beam of Gantry 0 degree by the scanning method. The phantom was scanned using PET-CT equipment. In the PET-CT image acquisition method, 50 images were acquired per minute, four ROIs including the spheres in the phantom were set, and 10 images were reconstructed. The activity profile according to the depth was compared to the dose profile according to the sphere size established in the treatment plan Results: The PET-CT activity profile decreased rapidly at the distal falloff position in the 37 mm, 28 mm, and 22 mm spheres as well as the dose profile. However, in the SOBP section, which is a range for evaluating the range, the results in the proximal part of the activity profile are different from those of the dose profile, and the distal falloff position is compared with the proton therapy plan and PET-CT As a result, the maximum difference of 1.4 mm at the 50 % point of the Max dose, 1.1 mm at the 45 % point at the 28 mm sphere, and the difference at the 22 mm sphere at the maximum point of 1.2 mm were all less than 1.5 mm in the 37 mm sphere. Conclusion: To maximize the advantages of proton therapy, it is very important to verify the range of the proton beam. In this study, the proton range was confirmed by the SOBP and the distal falloff position of the proton beam using PET-CT. As a result, the difference of the distally falloff position between the activity distribution measured by PET-CT and the proton therapy plan was 1.4 mm, respectively. This may be used as a reference for the dose margin applied in the proton therapy plan.