• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2017

Purpose: This study investigated the coordination and contribution of body segments during functioning. Methods: The relevant literature related to body segments and function were reviewed. Results: Efficient control of function is considered with regard to a participant's ability to perform a sequence of movements in body segments, which progresses from the head to the arm, trunk, pelvis, and leg segments. Each segment performs a specific role, which environment explorer using visual information for the head, reaching and grasping for the arms, a stabilizer for the trunk, and the distribution of COM in the pelvis and leg. Conclusion: During any of the movements, the momentum generated by the proximal segments is transferred to the adjacent distal segments in an appropriate sequence. In assessing function for clinical intervention strategies, the segment coordination, segment sequence, transfer of the center of body mass, asymmetrical ratio, muscle activity, and compensatory strategies should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.73-79
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• 2008

This pilot study aimed to set up a reasonable method for measuring body segments parameters and finding out some useful body segments parameters to diagnose Sasang constitutions. In this study, we have tried to take a secure effort in measuring and diagnosing of Sasang constitutions based on the consensus among Sasang constitution experts. And we also have tried to find out some useful body segments parameters based on the actual data. We measured 9 clinically meaningful body lengths specified by Sasang constitution experts and analyzed these parameters statistically according to each Sasang constitution. We have found that Taeeumin female's ratio of foot length to height was significantly large and Soyangin's ratio was significantly small, but more data are needed to confirm this finding.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate change of mechanical energy before and after training of half vinyasa yoga. Thirteen subjects (height: $163.4{\pm}3.9$ cm, body mass: $54.9{\pm}7.3$ kg, age: $20.0{\pm}0.49$ yrs) participated in this experiment. The motions of half vnyasa yoga were captured with Vicon system and parameters were calculated with Visual-3D. After training of half vinyasa yoga, the mechanical energies of body segments were increased and increments of mechanical energies in the lower segments were greater than the upper segments. The phase increments of mechanical energies increased phase 1, phase 2, and phase 3 in order. After training of half vinyasa yoga, phase contributions of body segments were similar before training of half vinyasa yoga. The contribution of mechanical energy on trunk segment in body was the greatest contribution of upper segments; also that of mechanical energy on thigh segment in body was the greatest contribution of lower segments. Before training, the coefficient of correlation between vertical center of gravity (CoGz) and mechanical energy of phase 3 was a -.559, but after training, the coefficient of correlation between CoGz and mechanical energy of phase 2 was a .587. These findings suggest that the training of half vinyasa yoga may be increasing the mechanical energies of body segments.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively examine the biomechanical variables of Fouette turns for expert and beginner ballet dancers and to determine the difference in the variables between the two groups. sixteen female ballet dancers participated in this study. They were divided into an expert group(age, $25.38{\pm}1.92$ years; height, $168.38{\pm}4.66$ cm; mass, $49.63{\pm}4.41$ kg) and a beginner group(age, $20.88{\pm}1.13$ years; height, $161.63{\pm}7.42$ cm; mass, $48.88{\pm}3.64$ kg) depending on their ballet experience. Descriptive data were expressed as mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation (SD) for all variables including the duration, displacement of the center of the body, velocity of the center of the body, angle of the body segments, angular velocity of the body segments, ground reaction force, lower extremity torque, muscle activity, body weight, age, and body mass. An independence t-test was conducted to determine how the following variables differed between the beginners and experts: duration, displacement of the center of the body, velocity of the center of the body, angle of the body segments, angular velocity of the body segments, ground reaction force, lower extremity torque, and muscle activity. All comparisons were made at the p<0.05 significance level. The results show that the experts scored high on the biomechanical variables, although all the variables were not significant. Significant differences were found in the angle of body segments, angular velocity of the body segments, lower extremity torque, and muscle activity(p<0.05). The findings of this study demonstrate that the experts have the required skill to make an improved Fouette turn. The findings may also help ballet dancers to learn and understand the Fouette turn.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1967-1974
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• 1991

When the functional electrical stimulation is employed to recover mobility to the plegic, it is very important to understand functions of the selected muscles. I have investigated how a muscle acts to accelerate the body segments, since the body segements are connected by joints so that contraction of a muscle not only rotates the segments to which it is attached but also causes other segments to rotate by creation a reaction force at every joint, which is called the inertial coupling. I found that a single-joint muscle always acts to accelerate the spanned joint in the same direction as the joint torque produced by the muscle. However, a double-joint muscle can act to accelerate the spanned joint in the opposite direction to the joint torque produced by the muscle depending on (1) the body position, (2) the body-segmental parameters, and (3) the type of the movement. Investigating the condition number of the inertia matrix of the body-segmental model gave us some insights into how controllable the body-segmental system is for different values of the factors mentioned above. The results suggested that the upright position is the most undesirable position to independently control the three segments(trunk, thigh and shank) and that the controllability is the most sensitive to variation of the shank length and the trunk mass, which implies that accuracy is required particularly when we estimate these two body-segmental parameters before the paralyzed muscles are innervated by using electrical stimulation.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.181.1-181
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• 2001

Human dummies are essential tools in the development of such sensible products as vehicles. Dummies are actively used not only in reach and view field tests, major ergonomic evaluations, but also in impact tests and perception evaluations. This study attempts to obtain possible correlations of human body segments from Korean anthropometric data. The investigation is focused on the description of human and dummy geometric and inertial properties. The modeling approach suggested is based on rigid body dynamics using fifteen individual body segments connected by joints. The segments are joined at locations representing the physical joints of the human body and have the mass of the body between body joints. For visualization, a three-dimension graphic technique is used ...

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.13-23
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• 2002

Human dummies are essential tools in the development of such products as vehicle have been actively used not only in reach and view field tests. but also in impact perception evaluations. This study attempted to obtain geometric and dynamic model body segments from Korean anthropometric data. The investigation focused on the de both human and dummy for the geometric and inertial properties. The dynamic modeli being suggested is based on rigid body dynamics using fifteen individual body segments by joins. The segments are connected at the locations representing the physical joint body so that each segment has its mass and moment of inertia. For visual three-dimensional graphic was used for easier implementation of the dumn applications. For applications, proposed Korean dummies Were used in dynamic crash and driver's view and reach test modules were developed in virtual environment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 1989

In order to investigate the morphological characteristics of epididymal duct of the squirrel, the histological and histochemical studies were carried out. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The epididymal duct can be divided into 9 segments by histological and histochemical features. Segments 1 to 5 were located in the head, segments 6 and 7 in the body, and segments 8 and 9 in the tail of the epididymis. The apical cells were numerous in the segment 1. Clear cells which has a compact, deeply staining nucleus and a characteristically clear cytoplasm were scattered in the epithelium throughout the duct. Interepithelial clear cells which had PAS-positive granules tended to increase in number caudally. Strong PAS-positive reaction was detected at the intralumen of the segments 3,8 and 9. Acid phosphatase activity was relatively high in the basal cytoplasm of the segment 7, and then in the supranuclear region of the segments 8 and 9. Alkaline phosphatase activity was weakly positive or negative except the segments 3 and 4. ATPase activity was strong in the free surface of the epithelium in the head and the entire cytoplasm in the body and tail, a,nd SDH activity was generally weak except for the body where it was more intense.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.116-126
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• 2017

This study applied a segmented hard shell design on knee protectors for children with the objective of increasing mobility. The prototype of the hard shell that does not correspond to movement of the body among components of the knee protector was developed. Surface modeling was conducted based on 3D knee data to enhance comfort through optimized fit on the knee joint where the hard shell would be worn. For this, previous studies on changes in skin near the knee joint during knee flexion were reviewed to establish basic segmental lines. The basic design included six segments, and the number of segments was used as the design variable by increasing or decreasing it to 0, 3, 6, 9, and 14 segments. A prototype was produced from 3D printing with TPU material, worn for wearing assessment. Results revealed fewer numbers of segments resulting in less fit with the body, while actual appearance was stable. Meanwhile, the number of proper segments improved better fit with the body during movement. The wearing assessment revealed the amount of gap reflects change in skin length depending on movement. Assessment results demonstrated basic segment design, S6 with 6 segments, had the best design and most optimized fit. Findings in this study can provide key data for designing knee protection products for children.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.53-63
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• 2006

The general objective of this study was to investigate biomechanical characteristics of bowling swing using three-dimensional cinematography. This study focused specifically on movements of the upper body segments during a bowling swing. Eight elite female bowling players participated in this study. Subjects performed bowling swing and their performance was sampled at 60 frame/sec using two high-speed video cameras with a synchronizer. After digitizing images from two cameras, the two-dimensional coordinates were used to produce three-dimensional coordinates of the 12 body segments (20 joint reference makers). The obtained three-dimensional coordinates were fed to a custom-written kinematic and kinetic analyses program (LabView 6.1, National Instrument, Austin, TX, USA). The analyses determined the linear and angular kinematic variables of the body segments with which joint force and torque of the lower and upper trunks and the shoulder were estimated based on the Newton-Euler equations. It was found that during the bowling swing the peak linear velocities of the body segments were reached in sequence the trunk, the shoulder, the elbow, the wrist, and the bowl. This result indicates that linear momentum of the lower body and the trunk transmits to the arm segment during the bowling swing. The joint torques of the torso and the arm occurred almost simultaneously, indicating that bowling swing seem to be a push-like motion, rather than a proximal-distal sequence motion in which many of throwing motions are categorized. The ultimate objective of the bowling swing is to release a heavy-weight bowl with power and consistency. Therefore, the bowling swing observed in this study well agrees with that bowlers use the stepping to increase the linear velocity of the bowl, the simple pendulum system and the push-like segmental motion in the torso and the arm segment to enhance the power at the release of the bowl.