• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2005

Purpose: To evaluate physical characteristics, lifestyle related to bone-health, and bone mineral density (BMD) in mothers and their daughters and to determine the predictors of BMD. Method: BMDs at the forearm, lumbar spine, and femur were measured in 101 healthy, mother-daughter pairs by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Mother-daughter differences between general characteristics, means for BMDs were assessed by ${\chi}^2$-test, t-tests. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify predictors of BMD in each group. Results: Mothers had significantly higher BMD than their daughters at forearm, lumbar spine, and femur. The predictors of mothers' BMDs were body weight, body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat, explaining 5.1~31.6% of the variation in BMDs. BMI, percentage body fat and their mother's BMD of the corresponding site bone were predictors in daughters, explaining 17.5~31.6% of the variations in BMDs. Conclusion: These results indicate the importance of weight on bone that the BMDs seems to be related to fat free mass both in young-adult daughters and in middle aged mothers. These also suggest the importance ofintervention for the development of BMD in daughter of mother with low BMD.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index (BMI), stress, and health promotion lifestyle of female college students and to assess relations among them. Methods: A total of 220 female college students were assessed through anthropometric measurements and bone mineral density test using quantitative ultrasound. In addition, the subjects were asked about stress and health promotion lifestyle with a self-rating questionnaire. Collected data were processed with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: 1) Of the students, 67.8% had weight control experience. The percentage of the osteoporosis, osteopenia and normal groups were 2.8%, 53.5% and 43.8%, respectively, and the percentage of the underweight, normal and overweight groups according to BMI were 27.9%, 57.2% and 14.9%, respectively. 2) The levels of stress and health promotion lifestyle were 2.9 and 2.3, respectively. 3) There was a positive correlation between BMD and BMI (r=.196, p<.01). There was a negative correlation between stress and health promotion lifestyle (r=-.35, p<.01). 4) Weight control experience made negative effects on BMD and BMI. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the necessity of new health promotion programs to increase bone density of female college students. Stress management programs are also needed.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.23-31
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the correlations between body compositions and bone mineral density in young women and postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Methods : Eleven young women (age, $25.85{\pm}1.96yrs$; height, $160.28{\pm}2.16cm$; weight, $56.89{\pm}9.66kg$) and ten postmenopausal women (age, $25.85{\pm}1.96yrs$; height, $160.28{\pm}2.16cm$; weight, $56.89{\pm}9.66kg$) with low bone density on femur neck were participated in this study. All subjects performed the measure of body composition and BMD on lumbar body and femur neck. Results : The results were as follows. Percent body fat, waist-hip ratio and body mass index(BMI) were significantly increased in postmenopausal women. BMD in lumbar body and femur neck were significantly decreased in postmenopausal women. There were negative strong correlation between BMD of the femur and age in young women. There were negative strong correlation between BMD of the femur and age or the years of menopause in postmenopausal women. There were positive strong correlation between BMD of the femur and BMD of lumbar body. Conclusion : Percent body fat and BMI were more increased in young women than in postmenopausal women. And there were negative strong correlation between BMD and age or the years of menopause in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.656-667
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the effect of environmental an d physiological factors on bone mineral density(BMD) of the lumbar spine(L2longrightarrowL4) in 41 postmenopausal women. There were a positive relationships between BMD of the lumbar spine and monthly income food expenses pocket money energy expenditure(EXP) per day sociocultural EXP activity intensity time of standing and walking or age at first pregnancy. BMD of the lumbar spine was negatively correlated with age Engel index time of sleeping and sitting number of childbirty and children period of breastfeeding or menopausal period. But there were no significant relationships between BMD and physiological domestic EXP body mass index age at menar-che menstruation cycle or age at menopause. The complex interrelations between BMD and these variables were examined using stepwise multiple regression analysis. From this analysis in subject aged 50~59 years. EXP per body weight physiological EXP age at menopause time of sleeping were positively significant independent predictors of BMD. In subjects aged 60~69 years, . time of walking only and in total subjects. EXP per body weight pocket money were positively significant independent predictors ofBMD. This study suggest that EXP and pocket money are major constituents affection lumbar spine BMD in postmenopausal women.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.786-796
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between bone mineral density(BMD), body composition and life styles of female college students. The subjects were 334 students with a mean age of 21.0 years. BMDs of forearm and calcaneus were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedence analysis. The means for weight, height, and body mass index(BMI) of the subjects were 55.7 kg, 161.0 cm, 21.5 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Grouping by the BMI, 13.2% of the subjects were classified as overweight, and 11.1% of the subjects as obese group. BMD in the forearm and calcaneus were 0.390 g/$cm^2$, 0.514 g/$cm^2$. In the forearm, 58.1% and 9.6% of the subjects were classified as osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively, and in the calcaneus, 12.0% and 0.3% of the subjects were classified as osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively. Body weight, skeletal muscle mass, lean body mass, fat mass and BMI were positively correlated with BMDs in the forearm and calcaneus($r$=0.180~0.495, $p$ <0.01~0.001), and height, % body fat and waist-hip ratio(WHR) were positively correlated with BMDs in the calcaneus($r$=0.213~0.239, $p$ <0.001), but not in the forearm. The factors such as beginning age of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking and exercise had significant influence on BMD($p$ <0.05; p<0.001), whereas sleeping hours, activity level, frequency of exercise, meal times, frequency of snack and fried food intake, breakfast skipping and amount of meal had not significant influence on BMD. Therefore, the acquisition of balanced body composition is necessary through the increase of fat free mass and muscle mass, not through the increase of fat mass among female college students.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2013

Purpose: This study examined the demographic and lifestyle differences between women with osteopenia and those with normal bone mineral density (BMD) to identify risk factors for osteopenia. Method: Participants comprised 381 women age 40-64 years. Data were collected using surveys, BMD measures, and anthropometric parameters. Results: Prevalence of osteopenia was 29.1%; significant differences in age group, job, age at menarche, age at menopause, and body mass index were found between women with osteopenia and those with normal BMD. Logistic regression analysis indicated that advanced age, unemployment, lower body mass index, and lack of exercise in women were significantly associated with osteopenia. Conclusion: This study suggests the need for strategies to improve bone health and continuous cohort studies to identify risk factors.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2003

Background: Body weight is an important factor that influence the bone density in postmenopausal women except estrogen dificiency. However, different results are reported about the relationship between body composition and bone density in the postmenopausal women. We have studied the relationship between age, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), muscle mass, fat mass, fat free mass and bone density. Materials and Methods: We have studied 127 persons of postmenopausal women who visited university medical center and examined the inbody 3.0 and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) from Jan, 2001 to Jun, 2002. they didn't have any disease and didn't received hormone therapy, osteoporosis therapy or other medication that influence the bone density. Results: The numbers of study subjects is total 127 persons. Mean age is $56.9{\pm}5.14$, mean weight is $59.3{\pm}8.7kg$, mean BMI is $25.37{\pm}3.16(kg/m^2)$, mean fat mass is $20.02{\pm}5.05kg$, mean muscle mass is $37.49{\pm}4.50kg$, mean fat free mass is $39.80{\pm}4.70$, mean BMD is $0.828{\pm}0.148(g/cm^2$). In the result of linear regression analysis, age, height, weight, muscle mass, fat free mass, fat mass, BMI are significant determinants of BMD. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, age is the most significant determinant of BMD and besides age, fat free mass is the most significant determinant of BMD among body composition. Conclusion: In postmenopausal women, age, height, weight, BMI, muscle mass, fat free mass, fat mass are significant determinants of BMD and besides age, fat free mass is the most significant determinant of BMD among the body composition. So, diet and exercise that increase fat free mass will contribute to bone density increment.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.157-173
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• 2014

The main purpose of this study was to investigate factors that affect bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adult women ($20{\sim}80{\leq}yr$). Data on BMD, anthropometric (height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat), and biochemical (total cholesterol, vitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase) measurements were obtained from the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES, 2008~2011). Overall, the BMD of subjects had decreased from year to year: the T-scores decreased from 0.657 (2008~2009) to 0.295 (2010~2011) in 40~49 yr group and from 0.076 to -0.081 in 50~59 yr group. Age was negatively associated with BMD (T-scores of 0.388 in 20~29 yr group and -1.952 in ${\geq}80yr$ group for total femoral). BMD continuously increased with increased weight and body mass index (BMI). High values of total cholesterol (T-scores of -0.005 in 201~229 mg/dL group and -0.094 in ${\geq}230mg/dL$ group for total femoral) and alkaline phosphatase (T-scores of 0.481 in ${\geq}102IU/L$ group and -0.674 in ${\geq}336IU/L$ group for total femoral) were associated with lower BMD. Overall height, weight, and BMI were positively associated with BMD, whereas total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were negatively associated with BMD. Findings of the present study show that bone loss may be associated with various factors such as age, weight, BMI, total cholesterol, and ALP et al., and that much attention should be paid to bone health of adult women. Therefore, practical and systematic programs are required to improve the BMD of adult women as well as to maintain healthy bone levels.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

Obesity which causing many physical and psychological problems is difficult to treatment. The purpose study was investigate relationships between weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and BMD of according to the low, normal, over, obesity, high group. According to obesity index, each group was divided into five proup. Study subjects were man(n=135) and woman(n=145). We checked the BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine by using dual energy X-ray bone densitometry. Weight was positively correlation with height (p<0.05) by Pearson's correlation matrix. There was a significant difference in BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine between four(low, normal, over, obesity) groups except for high obesity groul.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the bone mineral density (BMD) of total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) of the adult men by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data. Methods: This study was conducted based on the data of 1,770 men aged 19-64 years from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011. The BMD was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, anthropometric data, health habits, chronic diseases, nutrient intake status). SPSS statistics for complex samples was used to analyze the data. Results: We observed that the BMD decreased significantly with aging. The BMD in each of the second lowest quartile of waist circumference (in TF & FN) and body mass index (in TF & LS) was lower than the respective BMD in the highest quartile group. The BMD in FN was higher in the group who reported the weight training. The BMD in LS was lower in hypercholesterolemia group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was lower in hypertriglyceridemia group and in diabetes group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was higher in the group with < Estimated Average Requirement iron intake. But there was no evidence to suggest that the BMD was related with educational level, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, anemia and nutrient intake status (except for iron). Conclusions: This study suggested that aging, waist circumference, body mass index, weight training, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, diabetes were site-specifically associated with the BMD in TF, FN and LS in the adult men. These bone site-specific factors need to be considered for the prevention of osteoporosis.