• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.95-123
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• 2004

Objects: This study was aimed to find out correlation between life style and cardiopulmonary function and body fat. Methods: We divided two groups by the score of behavior modification therapy questionnaire. Westudied tendency of change of cardiopulmonary function and body fat for medication of Mahuang capsule by ergogenic aids and placebo with circuit training. We got the results for Exercise stress test and Segmental Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis. Results: 1. High Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of Lean Body Mass, Body Fat, Waist Circumference and not significantly elevation of Body Weight, But Basal Metabolic Rate was declined. Low Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of Waist Circumference and not significantly elevation of Body Weight and Body Fat, Lean Body Mass but decline of Basal Metabolic Rate, Waist to Hip Ratio 2. High Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of $VO_{2max}$ and not significantly elevation of the rest. Low Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of rest Heart Rate, Diastolic Blood Pressure, and not significantly elevation of the rest except for METs Conclusion: High score group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire showed significantly elevation of body composition, but had no relationship with Cardiopulmonary function

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.469-473
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the effect of a mixture of two water-soluble dietary fibers, psyllium husk and glucomannan, on serum lipids, fecal fat excretion and body fat. Twenty one female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups (control, pair-fed control and test group) and fed a high saturated fat (20% lard) diet (control diet) or a test diet (psyllium husk and glucomannan added to the control diet at the level of 0.9% and 0.68%, respectively) for 8 weeks. Pair-fed control rats were allowed to eat the amount of diet consumed by test group the preceding day. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio of test group were significantly lower compared with these of control group. The mean values of body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were lower in test group than in pair-fed control group, but the difference was not significant. There were no differences in food intake. The dry weight and water content of feces and fecal fat excretion were markedly greater in test group than in control groups. Serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were significantly lower in test group than in two control groups.1'he rats of two control groups had higher body fat contents than that of test group. These results indicate that the combination of the two water-soluble dietary fibers, psyllium husk and glucomannan, can be used as a potent lipid-lowering agent in individuals consuming high saturated fat diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1994

This study was conducted to identify the relationship between body fat percent/serum lipid level and obesity index among school children. The study subjects were 277 boys and 266 girls aged between 10 and 11 years old in a selected elementary school in Taegu City. The survey was conducted for the period of two months from May 1 to June 30, 1993. A $R{\ddot{o}}hrer$index(weight/height3) was calculated for each individual as a measure of obesity. Three groups were classified as underweight($R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index < 109), normal($109{\leq}$ $R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index < 140), and overweight ($R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index ${\geq}140$). As for the body fat percent, fat weight, lean body mass were measured by impedance fat, meter(Model SIF-891). Serum total cholesterol. high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride were measured by automated clinical chemistry analyzer(Astra system). Obesity was found 18.1% in boys and 14.7% in girls. Body weight, fat percent, fat weight, and lean body mass were significantly different among three groups classified by $R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index in both sexes. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, atherogenic index and T-CHO/HDL ratio were also significantly different among three groups in both sexes. Serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, trigylceride, atherogenic index of boys were positively correlated with height, weight. $R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index, fat weight, lean body mass, and triglyceride. The negative correlation was found in high-density lipoprotein against height, weight, Rohrer index, fat percent, fat weight, lean body mass. Triglyceride and atherogenic index of the girls were positively correlated with height, weight, $R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index, fat percent, fat weight, lean body mass. The negative correlation was found in high-density lipoprotein against height, weight, $R{\ddot{o}}hrer$ index, fat percent, fat weight, lean body mass. These findings suggest that the prevention of obesity and hyperlipidemia among school children is very important. Thus adoption of healthy life-style is strongly recommended in school health programs in order to prevent the obesity and hyperlipidemia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1057-1068
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• 2014

The major goals of the poultry industry are to increase the carcass yield and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly the abdominal fat pad. The increase in poultry meat consumption has guided the selection process toward fast-growing broilers with a reduced feed conversion ratio. Intensive selection has led to great improvements in economic traits such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, and breast yield to meet the demands of consumers, but modern commercial chickens exhibit excessive fat accumulation in the abdomen area. However, dietary composition and feeding strategies may offer practical and efficient solutions for reducing body fat deposition in modern poultry strains. Thus, the regulation of lipid metabolism to reduce the abdominal fat content based on dietary composition and feeding strategy, as well as elucidating their effects on the key enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, could facilitate the production of lean meat and help to understand the fat-lowering effects of diet and different feeding strategies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1991

In this study. the importance of body fat distribution as an indicator of metabolic aberrations in diabetics was'evaluated. Skinfold thicknesses at eight sites and circumferences at five sites and total body fat content were measured on 105 diabetics. 1) The waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR) was positively correlated(r=0.38-0.54) to plasma glucose levels during oral glucose loading in diabetic men alone. 2) There was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol of diabetics and nondiabetics. However, HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower(p : 0.000. in male and female) in diabetics(male : 36.31$\pm$ 16.98mg/dl, female: 37.89$\pm$14.67mg/dl) than nodiabetics(male 61.75$\pm$14.08mg/dl, female : 62.29$\pm$12.65mg/dl) and serum triglyceride was significantly higher(p=0.0212) in diabetic women(171.90$\pm$ 76.61mg/dl) than nondiabetic women(111.10$\pm$42.84mg/dl) . 3) In both sexes. anthropometric measurements that significantly correlated to serum triglyceride concentration were percentage of ideal body weight. body mass index(BMI) and waist circumference. Positive and significant correlations were found between serum cholestrol, and BMI(R: 0.31, 0.34) and waist circumference(r=0.29) in diabetic men. Moreover, skinfolds of trunk area(r=0.29~0.32) especially abdomen, were closely associated with serum lipids than other fat deposits. Increasing percentage of total body fat content was accompanied by progressively increasing serum triglyceride concentration(r=0.41) in dieabetic men. This study shows that knowledge of body fat localization may help identify risks of carbohydrate intolerance and hyperlipidemia in diabetics.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.832-841
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• 2013

This research, as a basic preliminary study for development of functional health food, is aimed at assessing the body fat reduction effect and for application to human body for such reduction in actual clinical settings by preliminary extraction of 2 types of wild edible greens, Lythrum salicaria L. and Aceriphyllum rossii. Subjects over the age of 19 and less than 60 years old with BMI value range of $23.0kg/m^2{\sim}29.9kg/m^2$ were recruited through screening were divided into experimental group and control group, each with 25 subjects, through randomized allocation. With both patients and evaluators wearing blindfold, the experimental group was orally administered with 4 capsules of 500mg of composite preparation containing the extracts of Lythrum salicaria L. and Aceriphyllum rossii 3 times a day for a period of 8 weeks while the control group was orally administered with 4 capsules of 500mg of placebo (fake food) with the same appearance as the preparation administered to the experimental group 3 times a day for a period of 8 weeks. After having carried out evaluation on physical examinations (body weight, BMI and body fat ratio, etc.), laboratory tests (general blood test, biochemical test of blood and urine test), lipid test, the changes were analyzed. There was no significant change between the 2 groups and within the groups in BMI and body fat ratio, which are the primary effectiveness evaluation at each time. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in serum lipid and WHR, obesity related KOQOL, KEAT-26 which are the secondary effectiveness evaluations. There was no change between the 2 groups and within the groups in vital sign, CBC, BC and urin test. These results suggest that Lythrum salicaria L. and Aceriphyllum rossii ext. showed no significant reduction in BMI, body fat ratio and serum lipid. Additional confirmative clinical application test is needed in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2012

To find the differences between the real somatotype and the ideal somatotype, WHR(Waist to Hip Ratio), WCR(Waist to Chest Ratio), and body cathexis were analysed by using ANOVA test, Duncan's multiple range test, and $x^2$ test. Fashion image sought by female collegians was surveyed, too. The results were as follows. WHRs in slim, usual, fat body type were 0.75, 0.76, and 0.83 and WCRs were 0.77, 0.81, 0.80. The respondents who considered themselves to be overweight recognized themselves to be fatter than their real weight. They were not satisfied with their bust girth in slim body type, thighs and calves in usual body type, and all parts except for foot length, hand length and arm length in fat body type. 60% of the thin people considered their body hourglass shape, 30.4% of regular people recognized their body triangle type, 43.8% of fat people thought their body was round form. They thought current ideal body size was bigger in height and bust girth and smaller in waist girth and hip girth, and weight than real body size. Also they responded ideal body shape was an hourglass type independent of somatotype. The pursuit of clothing image was that 45.5% of female collegians were fashionable and raffine and 10.4% of female collegians was elegant and graceful. Among the body area, body parts that may have an effect on body image were body length in 13.1% of the respondents, waist girth in 10.7% of the respondents, and hip girth in 10.0% of the respondents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.732-738
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the risk factors for coronary heart disease in elderly women. Seventy five elderly women over 65 years of age participated with 35 elderly men over 65 years of age, 40 middle-aged men and 31 middle-aged women as control subjects. The percentage of body fat(34.1 5.6%) in elderly women found to be significantly higher than in other groups and their waist/hip circumference ratio(WHR) was higher than in middle-aged women. The concentrations of plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in elderly women were higher than in other groups, TG concentration higher than in middle aged women and HDL-cholesterol % lower than in other groups. Plasma cholesterol ester transfer protein(CETP) activities of elderly women were significantly higher than in middle-aged subjects, but were not different from those of elderly men. Plasma Apolipoprotein(Apo) A-I level in elderly women was higher than in middle-aged men but not different from the other groups. Differences among groups were not great in Lipoprotein (Lp)(a)levels. CETP activities were significantly correlated with age, body fat % total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Lp(a). Therefore, it appears that the increased risk of coronary heart disease in elderly women is due to the increase of body fat, central adipose distribution, serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and CETP activities.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Objectives: The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}2\;(PPAR{\gamma}2)$ Pro12Ala (P12A) polymorphism on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes are well documented; however, until now, only a few studies have evaluated the effects of this polymorphism on body fat distribution. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of this polymorphism on computed tomography (CT)-measured body fat distribution and other obesity-related parameters in Korean female subjects. Methods & Results: The frequencies of $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotypes were: PP type, 93.0%; PA type, 6.8%; and AA type, 0.2%. The frequency of the A allele was 0.035. Body weight (P .012), BMI (P .012), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P .001) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. When body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance analysis, lean body mass and body water content were similar between the 2 groups. However, body fat mass (P .003) and body fat percent (P .025) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. Among overweight subjects with BMI of greater than 25, PA/AA was associated with significantly higher abdominal subcutaneous fat (P .000), abdominal visceral fat (P .031), and subcutaneous upper and lower thigh adipose tissue (P .010 and .013). However, among lean subjects with BMI of less than 25, no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found, suggesting that the fat-accumulating effects of the PA/AA genotype were evident only among overweight subjects, but not among lean subjects. When serum lipid profiles, glucose, and liver function indicators were compared among overweight subjects, no significant difference associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype was found. Changes in body weight, BMI, WHR, and body fat mass were measured among overweight subjects who finished a 1-month weight lose program of a hypocaloric diet and exercise; no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the $PPAR{\gamma}2$ PA/AA genotype is associated with increased subcutaneous and visceral fat areas in overweight Korean female subjects, but does not significantly affect serum biochemical parameters and outcomes of weight loss programs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.433-439
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the body composition, health status, and dietary behaviors of middle-aged women in a weight control program at a community health center. The study subjects were 66 middle-aged women who lived in Ansan city, and they participated in the program for 24 weeks. Anthropometries, blood pressure, and serum biochemical indices were measured. These measurements were taken both before and after the weight control program, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 program. Weight, fat mass, body fat %, and the waist-hip ratio all decreased. According to the decreases in body fat %, blood pressure, serum biochemical indices and dietary behaviors were improved after the weight control program. Thus, this study demonstrated the desirable changes of a weight control program offered at a community health center, for health conditions and physical fitness.