• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to obtain the nutritional values and objective data of uncooked powdered food (UPF) in korea. We interviewed 27 healthy female subjects aged over 25 years living in the lksan area. We just replaced common breakfast and dinner of the subjects with UPF. Their dietary intake status was evaluated by 24-hour recall method. Their body compositions were measured using body fat analyzer. Also we conducted hematological and clinical analysis of blood. The intake of energy, lipid and protein has decreased as people started to take UPF, but the intake of vitamins and minerals has increased. The quality of meals has improved after taking UPF. Due to the energy loss by taking UPF, weight and body fat gradually lessened. Among the lost weight the percentage of the body fat was high and we judged that the process of losing weight was successful. It is hard to predict whether weight loss will occur to people who are already in shape or not, but if overweight and obesity people regularly take UPF instead of other food products, we assume that UPF will help lessening body fat. The most positive change among biochemical changes by taking UPF was decreasing of serum lipid contents. The concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol gradually decreased and decreased intently after 12weeks. Serum HDL-cholesterol gradually increased and serum triglyceride showed gradual decrement. When healthy adult women replaced two of three meals with UPF for 3months, we were able to see some useful changes like decrement of body fat and serum lipid control and during this 3month period, no significant nutritional problems occurred. Complete judgement on UPF may be difficult with these conclusions but if people take a nomal meal once and replenish iron from taking UPF twice a day, we assume that replacing UPF with regular meal not be a problem in nutritional status. If other experiments on the effects of UPF proceed, we believe that those experiments will be very helpful in judging the nutritional value of UPF. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1) : 49-63, 2003)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1037-1044
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of childhood obesity and to figure out the correlation between percentage of body fat and various criteria used for evaluating childhood obesity, and to suggest a new convenient criterion applicable to obesity assessment for large population. subject of 309(male: 153, female: 156) from Uisung elementary school in Kyungbuk, in the age range from 10 to 12 were recruited. The prevalence of obese was evaluated by the methods of Slaughter skinfold equations for children, BMI, and RI. fourteen(4.5%) by Slaughter eq, 39(12.6%) by BMI, 31 (10%) by RI were found to be obese. The results indicate that the evaluation of child obesity is influenced by the methods applied; that is, BMI and RI tend to overpredict the obese while percentage of body fat tend to underestimate. Percentage of body fat by Slaughter equations using triceps and calf skinfold is highly correlated with triceps plus subscapular skinfold thickness(male: r=0.91, female: r=0.88) and with Kim equations for Korean children(male: r=0.93, femlae: r=0.88). The results suggest that, if necessary, practitioners can adequately predict body composition without exposing the upper torso of females.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.363-370
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week circuit weight training on their body composition and physical fitness in middle aged women. A total of 34 subjects of did not have any physical abnormalities or diseases, and the subjects were 12-week circuit weight training. The results of this study were as following : Body composition component examination showed that the body weight, body fat percentage and waist measurement showed differences that were statistically significant. And the physical fitness component examination showed that muscular endurance, flexibility, agility, and cardiovascular endurance showed differences that were statistically significant. But muscular strength and reflexes showed differences that were not statistically significant. These results suggest that the circuit weight-training had an effect on body composition and physical fitness examination results over 12-week. Therefore, we consider that the circuit weight training is recommended to middle-age women to improve body fat percentage and physical strength.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.407-414
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• 2017

In order to identify an Convergence aerobic exercise's influence on obese female college students' Cardiorespiratory systems and arterial pulse wave Velocity, this study targeted female college students in D University in Y-gu, D-City, and selected total 26 ones having body fat percentage over 30% with no special disease in past and at present and no regular physical activity. After finally confirming their participation in this experiment by completely explaining the purpose of and contents of this experiment and getting the subjects' written contents to participate in the experiment, the investigator randomly arranged the subjects into the exercise group(N=13) and the control group(N=13) and conducted a 12-week aerobic exercise program to the exercise group this study got the following conclusion. First, concerning the body composition's change, the exercise group showed significant reduction in the weight, the body fat percentage, and the abdominal fat percentage. Second, for the respiratory & cardiovascular systems'change, the exercise group showed significant increase in the maximal oxygen uptake, the maximal heart rate, and the maximal breathing capacity. Third, for the arterial pulse wave Velocity's change, the exercise group showed significant reduction in the upper body(right and left hands) and lower body (right and left feet).

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.401-409
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between life movement and physical composition in daily life of 110 middle-aged women (40 ~ 60s) who visited 3 university hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from February to September 2019. The following conclusions were drawn. First, as a result of clustering total calorie consumption, activity average calorie consumption, and average number of walking, each group was classified into three clusters. The number of walking showed a difference in BMI and body fat mass, and there was no significant difference in average calorie activity. Second, activity average calorie consumption had a positive effect on BMI, and the average number of walks had a negative effect. Daily total calorie consumption had a positive effect on muscle mass, and activity average calorie consumption had a negative effect. Activity average calorie consumption had a positive effect on body fat mass and body fat percentage, and daily total calorie consumption and average number of walks had a negative effect.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze methods and outcomes about fasting for obesity in korea medicine research. Methods: We searched the studies with key words of 'obesity' and 'fasting or starvation' in Korean database (Korean traditional knowledge portal, OASIS, KISS, KMBASE, DBPIA, RISS). Studies were analyzed for contents, evaluation methods and adverse effects. Results: Twenty-one studies were reviewed. Studies were published in 1983~2015. 1. Studies can be classified into three types: comparative study on before and after, comparative study between groups, case study on other disease occurred during the fasting therapy period. 2. The most common step of fasting were 3 steps: reducing food intakes period (3~5 days), fasting period (7~10 days) and refeeding period (3~5 days) and additional period-diet period (28 days). 3. The most common evaluation methods were body weight (BW), body fat mass (BFM), muscle weight (MW), fat free mass, body mass index, body fat percentage, etc. 4. BW, BFM, MW were reduced largely in fasting period. 5. The most common adverse effects were fatigue, nausea, headache, vomiting, insomnia, etc. Conclusions: As a result of the review papers, fasting therapy have positive effects for obesity. To verify the effectiveness of the fasting, more studies are needed such as randomized controlled trial.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.1104-1115
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• 2023

The present study aims to verify the usefulness of microcurrent stimulation as an effective intervention for managing body shape. Thirty female college students with a percentage body fat of 30% or more participated as subjects and belonged to the one of three groups; control group, combined exercise group, microcurrent stimulation group. Based on the results of analyzing the measurement data from pre- and post-intervention for four weeks for each group, the following conclusions were obtained. There was no statistically significant difference in all measured variables in the control group. However, waist circumference and TC were significantly reduced in the combined exercise group, and also weight, percentage body fat, waist circumference, and apolipoprotein were significantly reduced in microcurrent stimulation group. Considering the above conclusions, it can be suggested that microcurrent stimulation could be an effective intervention to improve body composition and blood lipid profile to have a healthy body.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.714-723
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to compare nutrient intakes, serum hormones (leptin, adiponectin, insulin), salivary cortisol and ${\alpha}$-amylase of middle-aged women by the percentage of body fat (% fat). Subjects were assigned to 3 groups by body fat (%) group I (27.5%), group II (32.5%), group III (37.7%). WHR of group II (0.97) was significantly higher than of group I, III (0.95) (p < 0.05). Nutrient intakes were not different among 3 groups. Serum leptin levels of group III ($16.53{\mu}g/ml$) were higher than in group I ($10.07{\mu}g/ml$), group II ($12.24{\mu}g/ml$) (p < 0.05). Salivary cortisol levels of group II ($0.39{\mu}g/dl$) were higher than in group I ($0.17{\mu}g/dl$) and group III ($0.15{\mu}g/dl$) (p < 0.05). Adiponectin concentrations were negatively correlated with TAS (r = -0.29) and positively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r = 0.27). Insulin levels were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (r = -0.33), Zn intake (r = -0.31) and positively correlated with WHR (r = 0.31). The overall anthropometric indices showed positive relations with leptin levels. Salivary cortisol levels were positively corelated with WHR (r = 0.28), total cholesterol (r = 0.31), MDA (r = 0.29) and intakes of SFA (r = 0.35) and MUFA (r = 0.3). Salivary amylase levels were positively correlated with overall nutrient intakes (energy, CHO, fat, cholesterol. Fe, SFA, MUFA, Zn, Na, vitamin $B_2$, r = 0.24-0.5) and was negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r = -0.34). These results suggested that 1) WHR would be a helpful index in the assessment of metabolic risk diseases. 2) Understanding of individual stress exposure should be considered in developing strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity.

• Korean Journal of Family Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.347-354
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• 2018

Background: BMI alone may not serve as an index of obesity because it does not reflect body composition. The present study aimed to compare arterial stiffness as assessed by the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) among groups defined by body fat percentage (pBF) and BMI. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on 1,700 participants (1,044 men and 656 women) who completed a health screening examination at a national hospital between January 2011 and February 2016. Participants were divided into four groups according to BMI and pBF: normal fat and normal weight (NFNW); excessive fat and normal weight (EFNW); normal fat and obese (NFO); and excessive fat and obese (EFO). The ba-PWV and other cardiometabolic factors were compared among the four groups in men and women separately. Results: For both sexes, the NFNW group had a lower metabolic risk compared to that in the other groups (EFNW, NFO, and EFO). After adjusting for multiple variables, the NFO males had a significantly lower ba-PWV compared to those in the other groups, including NFNW males. The NFO group had significantly more skeletal muscle mass and muscle mass compared the other groups (P<0.05). Among women, the NFNW group had a significantly lower ba-PWV compared the other groups, even after adjusting for multiple variables. Conclusion: Lower pBF in obese men may be associated with improved cardiovascular risk.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and $VO_{2}$ by BMI The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and $VO_{2}$ were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and $VO_{2}$ by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above $20\%$. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ group was very low ($55\%$ of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI Only in the BMI 18.5 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in $VO_{2}$peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.