• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of invasive laser acupuncture treatment at Liver Brook (LR2) acupoint and Liver Sea (LR8) acupoint on liver damage induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in rats Methods : Liver damage was induced by D-GalN. The experimental rats were divided into two groups (control group, Low Level Laser Treatment (LLLT) group). Control groups were classified into small groups. Intact group had no liver damage and no treatment. D-GalN group was induced liver damage induced by D-GalN and not treated. LLLT group were induced liver damage induced by D-GalN and then treated at the LR2 or LR8 acupoint with 532, 658, 904 nm invasive laser acupuncture. The treatment was carried out three days at a time for 15days at both acupoints. To examine mechanism of the effect of invasive laser acupuncture, we measured the contents of ASP, ALT, ALP, TBIL in serum, CBC in blood and SOD in liver tissue. Results : The change of body weight increased in all groups. That change was AST and ALP, the AST activity decreased significantly compared with the control groups and decreased by 532 nm and 904 nm both LLLT groups. But ALP increased at LR8 acupoint by 658 nm. TBIL level significantly decreased in all LLLT groups. The SOD of LLLT groups increased in the liver tissue of rats compared to the control groups. SOD activity indicated that LLLT can help cellular defense mechanism by preventing scavenging hydrogen peroxide. In the change of WBC, it was increased in D-GalN Control group compared to intact group and LLLT groups. Conclusions : These results suggested that invasive laser acupuncture treatment at LR2 or LR8 acupoint reduced activation of hepatic enzyme and damage of liver tissue. Thus, the effect of invasive laser acupuncture was nearly identical to the way of the traditional acupuncture for the treatment of hepatocytotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2010

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the effect of manual acupuncture, invasive laser acupuncture and laser skin irradiation at LU8, LR4, HT8 and LR2(Liver Seunggyeok) on D-galN-induced liver injury in rats. Method: Liver injury was induced with D-galN. The experimental rats were divided four groups(Control group, EXP-1, EXP-2, EXP-3). In the Control group, liver injury-induced and not treated. EXP-1 group was liver injury-induced and carried out manual acupuncture with Young-Su(against the meridian course and following the course of the meridian) & Won-Bang(by twisting and rotating the needle) acupuncture method at Liver Seunggyeok. EXP-2 group was liver injury-induced and carried out invasive laser acupuncture at Liver Seunggyeok. EXP-3 group was liver injury-induced and carried out laser skin irradiation at Liver Seunggyeok. Result: In the change of body weight(in 1 week), EXP-1, EXP-2 and EXP-3 groups were significantly increased as compared with control group. In the change AST & ALT, EXP-1 and EXP-2 groups were significantly decreased as compared with control group. In the change of SOD, EXP-1, EXP-2 and EXP-3 groups were significantly increased as compared with control group. In the change of WBC, EXP-2 group was significantly increased as compared with control group. Conclusion: Manual acupuncture, invasive laser acupuncture and laser skin irradiation at Liver Seunggyeok had hepatotherapeutic effect on the treatment of hepatocytotoxity. Invasive laser acupuncture was as effective as manual acupuncture on the treatment of hepatocytotocity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2011

This study tested the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of red garlic extract in obese rats induced by a high fat diet over a period of 4 weeks. Red garlic extract of 15 brix was added in 1, 3, 5 and 7% ratios in diets. The obesity index and body fat content significantly decreased in rats fed a diet with over 3% red garlic extract compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in weight of visceral and epididymal fat in rats fed red garlic extract. Total lipid and triglyceride levels in serum were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and AI and CRF also fell. ALT and AST activities in groups fed red garlic extract were decreased compared to the control group. Total lipid level in liver tissue of the groups fed 5-7% red garlic extract exhibited a significant decrease compared to the control group. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in feces were significantly increased in rats fed a diet with over 5% red garlic extract. Lipid peroxide levels were significantly decreased in the groups fed diets with 5-7% red garlic and antioxidant activity in serum was significantly increased in the group fed a diet with 7% red garlic extract compared to the control group. Our results suggest that red garlic extract could have anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects for suppressing obesity index and decreasing lipid profiles.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.523-534
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• 2015

Twenty four Holstein steers (average body weight $714{\pm}13.60kg$) were used in this experiment to determine the effect of supplementing of microbial culture and coated vitamin-C on growth performances and carcass characteristics in finishing Holstein steers. Holstein steers were randomly assigned to feeding groups of control group (Con, 12 kg of basal diet/head/day), microbial culture group (MC, 12 kg of basal diet + 30 g of microbial culture/head/day) and coated vitamin-C group (CVC, 12 kg of basal diet + 10 g of coated vitamin-C/head/day). MC and CVC groups were higher in ADG compared to control (P<0.05). FCR was also lower in MC and CVC groups than control group (P<0.05). Back fat thickness, rib-eye area, marbling score, meat color and yield index were not changed by supplementing microbial culture and coated vitamin-C. MC group was higher for maturity compared to control and CVC group (P<0.05). CVC group was higher for fat color compared to control and MC group (P<0.05). Based on the results obtained from the current study, supplementation of microbial culture and coated vitamin-C as an alternative to antibiotic might increase growth performances and enhance carcass characteristics in finishing Holstein steers. However, more studies are needed to find out the optimum supplementing period of microbial culture or coated vitamin-C for high quality meat production from Holstein steers.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.16 no.6 s.111
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• pp.665-673
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• 2006

This paper proposes a RSM-based hybrid evolutionary Algorithm (RHEA) which combines the merits of the popular programs such as genetic algorithm (GA), tabu search method and response surface methodology (RSM). This algorithm, for improving the convergent speed that is thought to be the demerit of genetic algorithm, uses response surface methodology and simplex method. The mutation of GA offers random variety to finding the optimum solution. In this study, however, systematic variety can be secured through the use of tabu list. Efficiency of this method has been proven by applying traditional left functions and comparing the results to GA. It was also proved that the newly suggested algorithm is very effective to find the global optimum solution to minimize the weight for avoiding the resonance of fresh water tank that is placed in the after body area of ship. According to the study, GA's convergent speed in initial stages is improved by using RSM method. An optimized solution is calculated without the evaluation of additional actual objective function. In a summary, it is concluded that RHEA is a very powerful global optimization algorithm from the view point of convergent speed and global search ability.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2015

Siniperca scherzeri is major target species for restocking and restoration project as it is one of the economic species in South Korea. In this study, to investigate their ecological characteristics movement pattern and habitat characteristic of S. scherzeri were analyzed using radio telemetry. Three specimens released during spawning season, moved more than 10 km toward upstream from the release site. Whereas the remains released after spawning season, settled within 400 m of their release site except two specimens (Ss 11, 3.2 km; Ss, 15, 1.4 km). One of possible reason of upstream movement during spawning season is reproduction. The conditions of their settlement area is similar with reference conditions of their spawning ground. S. scherzeri were mainly detected near the edge of the water, and it may related with the facts that rocks are mainly located at the edge of the water and S. scherzeri prefers rocks for their shelter. AMD (Accumulated movement distance) positively related with body weight and condition factor K, but no significant relationship was identified with gender and total length. Daily movement boundary of S. scherzeri was $214.94m^2{\sim}3,257.19m^2$, and their movement was restricted near the edge of the water. The results of this study could be useful to restocking and restoration.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2008

Water quality standards (WQS) are mandatory to guarantee the human health and protection of aquatic ecosystems, and maintain the condition of suitable water quality. The present WQS for the protection of human health in Korea contain nine substances (As, Cd, $Cr^{6+}$, CN, Pb, Hg, ABS, organophosphorus compounds and PCBs), but it is insufficient to preserve the human and aquatic ecosystem from a variety of chemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the substance of WQS for the protection of human health. In this study, we chose the 20 chemicals from 43 chemicals of the project entitled 'Development of Integrated Methodology for Evaluation of Water Environment'. The methodology for calculating water quality criteria was amended from the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)'s equation for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health. The factors including fish intake, drinking water intake, and human body weight used in the equation reflected Korean situations. The monitoring values were derived from the water quality monitoring data in Korean four main rivers. The orders of priorities of chemicals were evaluated by human health risk assessment, and the proposed WQS was derived by technical and economic analyses. These results were reflected to expand the WQS for the protection of human health.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.spc
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

The fish community and upstream of glass eels (Anguilla japonica) in the Imjin River estuary Gyeonggi-do, Korea was investigated from 2008 to 2012. During the surveyed period 43 species belonging to 18 families were collected. Korean endemic species was Microphysogobio jeoni which showed a ration of 0.04% in collected species. Exotic fishes were Carassius cuvieri and Ctenophayngodon idellus, and comprised 0.06% of the total individual number. Among the fish species observed, 17 species of the freshwater fish (40.5%), 6 species of migration fish (14.2%), 8 species of the brackish water fish (19.1%) and 11 species of sea water fish (26.1%). In terms of composition ration, Anguilla japonica (glass eels, 49.8%), Coilia ectens (23.3%), Saurogobio dabryi (8.1%), Repomucenus olidus (3.3%), Lateolabrax maculata (2.9%) and Chelon haematocheilus (2.8%) were found to display high individual number. On the other hand, C. ectens (33.6%), C. haematocheilus (14.2%), Cyprinus carpio (10.5%), Mugil cephalus (9.1%) and S. dabryi (7.6%) were dominated of biomass. The dominant species of individual was A. japonica (glass eels), and subdomint species included C. ectens. The fish biomass catched of fisherman in the Imjin River (Paju-si) were 83.6~240.3 t by each year. The year 2011 and 2012 were decreased rapidly. Among these, M. cephalus (48.0~80.0%), C. carpio (6.7%), Carassius auratus (4.9%), Silurus asotus (3.9%), Takifugu obscurus (2.5%), Anguilla japonica (adult, 2.2%) and Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (2.1%) dominated of biomass. Body weight of glass eels at each year were 0.03~ 1.13 t, average 212.0 kg and 1,325,000 individual by 0.16 g each one individual.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a by-product feed-based silage (BF silage) feeding on behavior patterns of growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 10 Hanwoo steers (11 months old, 302kg of body weight) were assigned to 2 dietary treatments: the control (concentrate mix + free access to rice straw), and the treatment (concentrate mix + free access to BF silage). The behavior patterns were observed for 48 hours. The intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the treatment group were higher than those of the control group. Eating time, ruminating time and resting time were not different between the control and treatment. But, the intake time per kg DM was higher for the control than treatment. The number of bolus, total chewing frequency, number of ruminating per bolus and number of bolus per minute were not different between the control and treatment. But the chewing frequency per bolus was higher in the treatment than control (p<0.05), and feed value index was lower in treatment than control (p<0.05). Frequencies of drinking and defecating were not different between the two groups, but the frequency of urinating was higher for the treatment (p<0.05) than control. Eating rate, ruminating efficiency and chewing efficiency were much higher in the treatment group than control (p<0.05). These results indicate that the replacement of conventional rice straws with the BF silage (physically effective NDF, about 25%) did not affect the ruminating behaviors of Hanwoo steers significantly.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.622-629
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• 2014

We studied the effects of Akebia quinata fruit extract (AQ) on acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. AQ (30-1,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) per day) was orally administered to the study group, once daily for 1 week. On the last day of AQ treatment, ethanol (6 mg/kg BW) was orally administered to induce acute liver injury. The AQ-treated group showed significantly lower levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, compared to the only ethanol-treated group (ETG). The glutathione level in the AQ-treated group elevated up to 20.6%, compared to that observed in the ETG. The mRNA expression of glutathione synthetic enzymes was also higher in the AQ-treated group, compared to the ETG. The AQ-treated group also exhibited lower levels of expression of NADPH oxidase 4 and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA. Thus, these results show that AQ treatment can be a potential method to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in ethanol-treated mouse liver and also that AQ can be a useful therapeutic agent for acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity.