• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose is to clarify the effect of additional scattering ratio on the edge of the block according to the increasing block thickness with low melting point lead alloy and pure lead in electron beam therapy. Methods and materials: $10{\times}10cm^2$ Shielding blocks made of low melting point lead alloy and pure lead were fabricated to shield mold frame half of applicator. Block thickness was 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 (mm) for each material. The common irradiation conditions were set at 6 MeV energy, 300 MU / Min dose rate, gantry angle of $0^{\circ}$, and dose of 100 MU. The relative scattering ratio with increasing block thickness was measured with a parallel plate type ion chamber(Exradin P11) and phantom(RW3) by varying the position of the shielding block(cone and on the phantom), the position of the measuring point(surface ans depth of $D_{max}$), and the block material(lead alloy and pure lead). Results : When (depth of measurement / block position / block material) was (surface / applicator / pure lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 15.33 nC(+0.33 %), 15.28 nC(0 %), 15.08 nC(-1.31 %), 15.05 nC(-1.51 %), 15.07 nC(-1.37 %) as the block thickness increased in order of 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 (mm) respectively. When it was (surface / applicator / alloy lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 15.19 nC(-0.59 %), 15.25 nC(-0.20 %), 15.15 nC(-0.85 %), 14.96 nC(-2.09 %), 15.15 nC(-0.85 %) respectively. When it was (surface / phantom / pure lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 15.62 nC(+2.23 %), 15.59 nC(+2.03 %), 15.53 nC(+1.67 %), 15.48 nC(+1.31 %), 15.34 nC(+0.39 %) respectively. When it was (surface / phantom / alloy lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 15.56 nC(+1.83 %), 15.55 nC(+1.77 %), 15.51 nC(+1.51 %), 15.42 nC(+0.92 %), 15.39 nC(+0.72 %) respectively. When it was (depth of $D_{max}$ / applicator / pure lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 16.70 nC(-10.87 %), 16.84 nC(-10.12 %), 16.72 nC(-10.78 %), 16.88 nC(-9.93 %), 16.90 nC(-9.82 %) respectively. When it was (depth of $D_{max}$ / applicator / alloy lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 16.83 nC(-10.19 %), 17.12 nC(-8.64 %), 16.89 nC(-9.87 %), 16.77 nC(-10.51 %), 16.52 nC(-11.85 %) respectively. When it was (depth of $D_{max}$ / phantom / pure lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 17.41 nC(-7.10 %), 17.45 nC(-6.88 %), 17.34 nC(-7.47 %), 17.42 nC(-7.04 %), 17.25 nC(-7.95 %) respectively. When it was (depth of $D_{max}$ / phantom / alloy lead), the relative value(scattering ratio) was 17.45 nC(-6.88 %), 17.44 nC(-6.94 %), 17.47 nC(-6.78 %), 17.43 nC(-6.99 %), 17.35 nC(-7.42 %) respectively. Conclusions: When performing electron therapy using a shielding block, the block position should be inserted applicator rather than the patient's body surface. The block thickness should be made to the minimum appropriate shielding thickness of each corresponding using energy. Also it is useful that the treatment should be performed considering the influence of scattering dose varying with distance from the edge of block.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 1981

The authors made an investigation concerning the geographical distribution and some major differentiations in morphological characteristics associated with the each habitat, of the pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus, which was introduced into Korea more than 50 years ago. Major characteristics utilized for the comparison study were upper jaw (maxillary), number of fin rays, scale structure, vertebral count, number of pyloric caeca, number of gill rakers, and the relative measurements of these and other internal characters. 1. The main areas of natural distribution are Paro Lake, Soyang Lake, Han River, Euirim Lake, and Ogjeong Lake (or Unam Lake) and the tributaries of these waters. 2. Morphological variations varied when the mean values of measurements from each area were compared with the standard measurement value by mosaic comparison, and in some instances a significant variation was found. 3. The most significant variations were found in the number of fin rays of pectoral and anal fins; the lengths from the tip of snout to the origin of pectoral fin, from snout to ventral fin, and from snout to anal fin, relative to standard body length; eye depth relative to head length; upper jaw: the number of pyloric caeca and the scale structure. Variations, on the other hand, by each habitat were not clear in the numbers of ventral and dorsal fin rays, gill rakers, vertebrae and lateral line scale : and the depth of caudal peduncle and distance from the tip of snout to the origin of dorsal fin relative to standard body length. 4. The scales of pond smelt showed some differences in the shape of scales, the shape and position of the focus and the number of ridges according to the scale positions on the body. No radii were present. The relations between longitudinal and transverse diameters of the scale suggest that the pond smelts of Soyang Lake and Un-am Lake are closely related, and those of Han River and Euirim Lake are also closely related. 5. The geographical variations in morphology of the pond smelt seem to have resulted from the variations in turbidity, water temperature, salinity (rather conductivity) and currents. 6. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that such factors as supramaxillary, relation between scale length and its breadth, number of caudal vertebrae and eye depth relative to head length may be used as the key characters for the classification of geographical varieties of Pond smelt.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 1965

The author studied on the bionomics of Oriental moth. Cnidocampa flavescens WALKER, damaging to the persimmon tree n the southern part of Korea from 1964 to 1965. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. Emergence peak period of Oriental moth was mid-June in Taegu district and eggs are deposited on the opposite side of persimmon tree leaf. Specially most of eggs are deposited on the terminal part of opposite side and peak period s also mid-June. 2. Hatched Percentage of eggs was $84.4\%$ in 1964 while $96.1\%$ in 1965 at the rearing room. Mean egg Period was $5.984\pm0.162$ in 1964 while $6.262\pm0.094$ days in 1965. Thus during two years, the egg period was about 6 days. 3. In the growth ratio of Oriental moth fed on various host plants persimmon tree, Acer negund, Hazel-wood and Platanus, the best growth ratio was shown on the leaf of Hazel-wood from 1st till 3rd instar, but, on the contrary, persimmon tree was the best from 4th till the last instar. The growth ratio of head width was also the same tendency as the body length above mentioned. Individuals fed on the leaf of platanus were dead after 20 days. 4. Oriental moth has one generation a year and molts 6 times. The first molting occurred in 5 hours after hatched, and the other moltings were done at f days intervals. After 3 days since the last molting, larvae made the non for over-winter in it. 5. As the bristles on the process of larval body are different from each position and instar, judgement of instars are possible by the counting of bristles on the body according to the Table 8. Specially the bristle of L. 2., D. 2, 3 ,8. 10. and L. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, are perfectly different from each instar. From these bristles, instars can be recognized easily. 6. Pupation of larvae in the over-wintered cocoon on the stem of persimmon tree was done in mid-May and continued will early June when emergence will take place. 7. Mean number of eggs in the ovary was $1325.5\pm2.7182$

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.423-433
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• 2021

Purpose: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a method for promoting functional movements by facilitating neuromuscular responses through the stimulation of proprioceptors in the body using spiral and diagonal patterns. Irradiation, a basic principle of PNF, is a phenomenon in which the muscle activity of a body part caused by resistance is increased or spread into muscles in other parts via their connected muscles. Resistance training can be divided by body alignment into closed and open chain exercises. Methods: In this study, 19 healthy men in their 20s and 30s were selected as subjects. They performed PNF hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation motions on their dominant side in an open chain exercise posture in which the nondominant sole was away from the wall, and in a closed chain exercise posture in which the sole was fixed to the wall. The nondominant leg's muscle activity was measured while resistance was maintained with applied pressure at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the maximum muscle strength in the last range of motions. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for a comparative analysis of the contralateral leg's muscle activity according to the chain exercise postures and the intensity of resistance intensity during PNF hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation. In addition, an independent sample T-test was conducted for a comparative analysis of each chain exercise posture according to the intensity of resistance. A one-way ANOVA and a Scheffe post-hoc test were also performed to analyze the contralateral leg's muscle activity according to the intensity of resistance in the closed and open chain exercise postures. Results: Results of the two-way ANOVA found that the gluteus medius and the biceps femoris had statistically significant differences in both the chain exercise postures and resistance intensity (p<0.05), and that the vastus medialis and the gastrocnemius did not exhibit statistically significant differences in the chain exercise postures (p>0.05) but showed statistically significant differences in resistance intensity (p<0.05). As a result of the independent sample T-test, the application of the PNF hip flexion-abduction-internal rotation pattern led to a statistically significant difference in the contralateral gluteus medius during the closed chain exercise posture (p<0.05). According to the results of the one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe post-analysis, statistically significant differences were observed in the gluteus medius at 50%, biceps femoris at 75%, vastus medialis at 100%, and gastrocnemius at 100% during the closed chain exercise posture based on a resistance intensity of 0% (p<0.05). In the open chain exercise posture, statistically significant differences were found in the gluteus medius at 50%, biceps femoris at 50%, and vastus medialis at 75% based on the resistance intensity of 0% (p<0.05). In the same posture, there was no significant difference in the gastrocnemius's resistance intensity (p>0.05). Conclusion: When the PNF leg pattern is applied, each muscle requires effective chain exercise postures and resistance intensity to generate the contralateral leg muscle's irradiation.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.20
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• pp.339-367
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• 2010

Despite that it is relatively difficult to compare the movements in eastern and western dancing, this study approached hand-foot coordination movements, which involve lifting both an arm and a leg to stand on one foot, from a figurative point of view. In ballet, arabesque, developpe, and attitude were recognized as the example hand-foot coordination movements, and in Korean Dance, Oesawi, Gyeopsawi, and Meongseokmari of Mask Dance were classified into the hand-foot coordination movements. The figurative characteristics of these dances were approached from the aspects of racial traits, philosophies of dancing, and forms of movements. The following summarizes the findings about hand-foot coordination movements of this study. First, in relation to human physiology, eastern and western races have different traits. The forms of dancing have developed differently according to the builds and figures of dancers. Ballet is an elegant form of dancing using long legs and arms and its arabesque, developpe, and attitude movements emphasize stretching the body for an elegant and beautiful presentation. On the other hand, Korea was an agricultural society and lived closer to the land. As its people developed petite figures, its dancing movements, especially the hand-foot coordination movements, involved 'twisting' and 'walking down and up.' Second, despite that the hand-foot coordination movements are identical for east and west, ballet aims at the heaven and Korean Dance aims at the land according to the differences in the views of nature. Although the principle of hand-foot coordination movements is about aiming at the land, western philosophies and aesthetics pursue the heaven. Third, in ballet, the focus of beauty is the presentation of beautiful movements. Therefore, the hand-foot coordination movements precisely control the position and angle of arms and legs for the perfect balance of the body. On the other hand, the hand-foot coordination movements of Korean Dance are mostly rooted from natural daily movements and movements that enhance the efficiency of labor. Therefore, it is considered beautiful techniques even if the body looks rather unbalanced.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.43
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• pp.231-266
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• 2014

The main contents of Baopuzi inner chapters becomes the basis for the claim "to be achieved Xian the way people can be" named and Shenxian theory that is deployed in the center of the universe body theory with a focus on Xuan and YI and Tao and a problem of "demonstration of Shenxian exist", or ancient science that describes the Chinese alchemy and Taoism spell in other words, inner chapters are writing and how to get prescription way of Shenxian, of medicine to become a predecessors, elephant of some of the changes in the ghost apparition, the longevity, how to avoid the epidemic out of the evil. Inner chapters are presented a regimen thought, the rationale for its mystical religion and philosophy of Monasticism ship on the basis of the theory Shenxian so. Baopuzi Inner chapters is presented in detail how to reach a comprehensive and realistic Shenxian long life in prison without the pre-Qin dynasty Taoism and Qinhan dynasty and times across the Weijin dynasty Shenxian ideas. And is presented in a typical Waidan and Neidan Taoism exercise this system and that in Taoism (Regimen) Thought the important position. Thought of Regimen is very important right information Inner chapters which constitutes the establishment of an important theoretical basis Shenxian Taoism of Gehong this research right in that you can see at a glance the thought of Regimen of Inner chapters is the desperate need for this requirement. It aims to illuminate the entire look of Regimen ever appeared immediately in Inner chapters this paper. After the analysis of the body Tao theory, The theory of the body and the spirit, The theory of Xingming, The theory of Shenxian theoretical foundations of thought appeared in Inner chapters Based on this, the first one conducted regulating the qi flowing in the channels method, Daoyin method, Pranayama, Closed breath, I saw one at the specifics of regimen method such, art of controlling and swallowing breath from the mouth, Convinced, Tuna breathing, Sishenshouyi method, Jinehuandan method, Fangzhongshu. And reporting features found Inner chaptersfinally saw the spirit of Regimen weigh its value.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 1988

Intractable pain from advanced carcinoma of the upper abdomen is difficult to manage. One method used to control pain associated with these malignancies is to block off the splanchnic nerve. In 1919 Kappis described a technique by which the splanchnic nerve of the upper abdomen could be anesthetized, using a percutaneous injection. This method has been used for the relief of upper abdominal pain due to hematoma and cancer of the pancreas, stomach, gall bladder, bile duct, and colon. During the Period from November 1968 to January 1986, this method was used in 208 cases of malignancy at Severance Hospital and clinically evaluated. Patients were retroactively grouped according to the stage of development of technique used. Twelve patients who received the treatment in the period from November 1968 to March 1977 were designate4i as group 1, 26 patients from April 1977 to April 1979 as group 2, and 170 from May 1979 to January 1986 as group 3. The results are as follows: 1) The number of patients receiving splanchnic nerve block has been increasing since 1977. 2) A total of 208 patients, including 133 males and 75 females, ranging in age from 18 to 84 and averaging 51. 3) The causes of pain were stomach cancer 90, pancreatic cancer 69, and miscellaneous cancer 49 cases respectively. 4) There were 57.7% who had surgery. and 3.7% of whom had chemotherapy before the splanchnic nerve block was done. 5) These blocks were carried out with the patient in the prone position as described by Dr. Moore. For group 2 and 3, C-arm image intensifier was used. In group 1, a 22 gauze loom long needle was inserted at the lower border of the 12th rib on each aide about 7\;cm from the midline. The average distance from the midline was $6.60{\pm}0.61\;cm$ on the left side and $6.60{\pm}0.83\;cm$ on the right side in group 2, and $5.46{\pm}0.76\;cm$ on the left side and $5.49{\pm}0.69\;cm$ on the right side in group 3. The average depth to which the needle was inserted was $8.60{\pm}0.52\;cm$ on the left side and $8.74{\pm}0.60\;cm$ on the right side in group 2, and $8.96{\pm}0.63\;cm$ on the left side and $9.18{\pm}0.57\;cm$ on the right side in group 3. 6) The points of the inserted needles were positioned in the upper quarter anteriorly, 51.8% on the left side and 54.4% n the right side of the L1 vertebra by lateral roentgenogram in group 3. The inserted needle points were located in the upper and anterolateral part, of the L1 vertebra 68.5% on the left side and 60.6won the right side, on the anteroposterior rentgenogram in group 3. The needle tip was not advanced beyond the anterior margin of the vertebral body. 7) In some case of group 3, contrast media was injected before the block was done. It shows, the spread upward along the anterior mal gin of the vertebral body. 8) The concentration and the average amount of drug used in each group was as follows: In group 1, $39.17{\pm}6.69\;ml$ of 0.5% -l% lidocaine or 0.25% bupivacaine were injected for the test block and one to three days after the test block $40.00{\pm}4.26\;ml$ of 50% alcohol was injected for the semipermanent block. In group 2, $13.75{\pm}4.88\;ml$ of 1% lidocaine were used as the test block and followed by $46.17{\pm}4.37\;ml$ of 50% alcohol was injected as the semipermanent block. In group 3, $15.63{\pm}1.19\;ml$ of 1% lidocaine for test block followed by $15.62{\pm}1.20\;ml$ of pure alcohol and $16.05{\pm}2.58\;ml$ of 50% alcohol for semipermanent block were injected. 9) The result of the test block was satisfactory in all cases. However the semipermanent block was 83.3 percent of the patients in group 1 who received relief from pain for at least 2 weeks after the block, 73.1% in group 2, and 91.8% in group 3. In these unsuccessful cases, 2 cases in group 1 were controlled by narcotics but 7 cases in group 2 and 14 cases in group 3 received the same splanchnic nerve block 1 or 2 times again within 2 weeks. But, in some cases it was 3 to i months before the 2nd block and in 1 cases even 7 years. 10) The most common complications of splanchnic nerve block were hypotensino(25.5%) occasional flushing of the face, nausea, vomiting, and chest discomfort. 11) For the patients in group 3, the supplemental block most commonly used was a continuous epidural block; it was used as a diagnostic block and to afford relief from pain before the splanchnic nerve block was done. 12) The interval between the receiving of the alcohol block and discharge was from 5 to 8 days in 61 cases(31.1%) and from 1 to 2 days in 48 cases(24.5%). From the above results, it can be concluded that the splanchnic nerve block done in the prone position with pure and 50% alcohol immediately after an effective test block with 1% lidocaine under C-arm fluoroscopic control is satisfactory and reliable. How to minimize the repeat block is still a problem to be solved.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-44
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• 2023

Hexagram Bi (比 ䷇ 8) is one of the hexagrams comprised of one-unbroken line and five-broken lines. The hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines symbolize the relationship and dynamics between one yang-consciousness and the five-yin unconsciousness. The hexagram of one-unbroken line and five-broken lines has six different images depending on the position of the one unbroken line from the beginning line to the top line. In terms of psychology, this means that the position change of one yang line in relation to five yin lines may symbolize the function of consciousness which clarifies and determines the content of the psyche. In addition, the flow of psychic energy can be examined through the process of one unbroken line's movement. In other words, the psychic contents of the beginning line of hexagram Bok (復 ䷗ 24), which is the beginning of the hexagram of one-unbroken line and five-broken lines, proceed sequentially, and then arrive at the process of the last sixth, hexagram Bak (剝 ䷖ 23) through the fifth, the hexagram Bi (8). That is, it can be said that the content of the hexagram and the line determined according to the position of one unbroken line show a certain psychic flow. As a result, the first hexagram Bok (復 ䷗ 24), after recovering and starting newly, means the beginning of consciousness. After that the process of proceeding with the second, third, and fourth lines represents the flow of consciousness. And in the fifth place, the fifth line of hexagram Bi, it reaches its peak and is placed in the optimal state of consciousness because of its right and centered position at this hexagram Bi. Like nature, the psyche gradually enters the path of decline from the highest state, which leads to the last sixth, the top line of hexagram Bak. However, the top line of the hexagram Bak, where everything falls off, contains the content of starting again in its top line. It is the beginning line of hexagram Bok to inherit this. This means the circumambulation of the psyche that changes from a psychologically difficult state of depression to a stage of recovery. There is a stage that must be passed in this circulation process, and that is the hexagram Gon (坤 ䷁ 2). October(tenth month)'s hexagram Gon is placed between hexagram Bak, the ninth month of the lunar calendar, and hexagram Bok, the eleventh month of the lunar calendar. This represents that the flow of recovery must go through a maternal process of hexagram Gon. The retreat to the psychological uterus is inevitable in regenerating the psyche. This process flows from the hexagram Bak and through hexagram Gon to the hexagram Bok. At this situation the hexagram Gon acts the absolutely necessary role. In addition, the main body of the hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines, including the Bi hexagram, is also the Gon hexagram composed of six-broken lines. In other words, all six hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines have a certain relationship with the Gon hexagram, and it would be meaningful to look at the correlation between the unbroken lines of the hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines and the corresponding broken lines of the hexagram Gon. This can be said to be the dynamics of the maternal unconscious connected to the state of consciousness in six forms. Therefore, each hexagram of one-unbroken and five-broken lines symbolizes the expression of the integration the mother archetype with the consciousness. Revealing this well is the meaning of the hexagram of one-unbroken and five-broken lines. Its hexagram image consists of a combination of Gon (☷), which symbolizes the mother, and the thunder (☳) the eldest son, the water (☵) the middle son and the mountain (☶) the third son. As a result, the hexagram Bok (復 ䷗ 24), Sa (師 ䷆ 7), Gyeom (謙 ䷠ 15), Ye (豫 ䷏ 16), Bi (比 ䷇ 8) and Bak (剝 ䷖ 23) are sequentially created in the order of the unbroken line. This is symbolically the evolutionary process of consciousness. In this way, the hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines, which mean the conjunction of mother and son, represent the advancing relationship between the maternal unconscious and consciousness. In addition, the relationship with the mother according to the position of the son is related to the dynamics of mother archetype to the attitude of consciousness. The psychological meaning can be deduced from the flow of six lines of hexagrams of one-unbroken and five-broken lines. And the state in which the activation of the consciousness is at its peak is the fifth line of the hexagram Bi, and comparing it with the contents of the corresponding fifth line of hexagram Gon not only can find the state and meaning of the conjunction of consciousness and the maternal unconscious, but the entire flow can be compared to the individuation process.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.321-341
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• 2001

Phytoliths of leaf blades of Oryza were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to assign the diagnostic character and taxonomic key for the genus. Some phytoliths such as stomatal apparatus, long-cell and short-cell, existing at the same position on the abaxial side of leaf blade, were intensively investigated because of their various forms documented in a previous study. These characters have value either for testing infrageneric classification or for identifying taxa within the genus. Stomatal phytolith is formed by integration of several kinds of sources, such as the guard and subsidiary cell and the papillae. The stomatal phytolith, characterized by not only the absence and presence of phytolith originated by the papillae developed on the guard and subsidiary cell but also their pattern of arrangement, shows various morphologies, and these features have congruent with the infrageneric classification such as section and/or series. Long-cell phytolith is characterized by the absence/presence, arrangement and morphology of phytoliths originated by the papillae on the cell surface. These features may hardly have any systematic relevance within the genus, but contain some informations for identifying of species. All of short-cell phytoliths found are silica body. They form various shapes like cross, bilobate, saddlelike and trilobate, and these features are consistent with infrageneric classification such as section and/or series. Also, some characters, the absence/presence of band of short cell phytolith within costal strip, the absence/presence of saddlelike phytolith within intercostal strip and the number of band of short cell phytolith within costal strip are various according to taxa, but these features do not fall into infrageneric classification. Some taxonomic keys on the phytoliths of stomatal, long-cell and short-cell were developed by their features, and the agreement between these characters and infrageneric classifications was also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2001

Skin mucous cells in the three regions of the body in Pseudobagrus fulvidaraco and Leiocassius nitidus were investigated using three histochemical methods (PAS, AB-PAS and HID). In the two species, components of mucous cell were not distinguished in each region, but presented a differences in position and type, size, and count in all regions. Mucous cells of P. fulvidraco were located in two layers, a superficial epithelial cell and the space within alarm substance cells (ASCs). Mucous cells of L. nitidus were situated only in the superficial epithelial cell layer. The size of mucous cells in the ASC layer were larger than those of the superficial epithelial cells for all measured values: diameter, length, width, and area. In the superficial epithelial cell layer, the average number of mucous cells within the three regions did not differ significantly between species by unpaired T-test, but the average number of those within two cell layers of P. fulvidraco had a similarity at each region by paired T-test. The dismilarity in dorsal and ventral regions in average number of ASCs between P. fulvidraco and L. niditus was confirmed by unpaired T-test.