• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2010

We investigated characteristics of the coloring material of Dancheong pigments and hope that this study contributes the revival of traditional Dancheong pigments color. For this purpose, we collected Dancheong fragment samples that fell off naturally from old wooden buildings in Gwangju and Jeonnam and analyzed the natural coloring material by XRD and EDS-SEM analysis method. In white pigments of Dancheong fragments, it is confirmed that gypsum$(CaSO_{4}{\cdot}2H_{2}O)$, quartz$(SiO_{2})$, white lead$(PbCO_{3})$ and calcite$(CaCO_{3})$ which have been used for white pigments since ancient times and $TiO_{2}$ which is common used in modern times. In red pigments of Dancheong fragments, it is confirmed that hematite$(Fe_{2}O_{3})$ and red lead$(Pb_{3}O_{4})$, which have been used for red pigments since ancient times and C.I. pigment orange $13(C_{32}H_{24}C_{12}N_{8}O_{2})$ but there is no cinnabar(HgS) which has been used since B.C. 3000 in China. In yellow pigments of Dancheong fragments, it is confirmed that crocoite$(PbCrO_{4})$ and massicot(PbO). In blue pigments of Dancheong fragments, it is confirmed that sodalite$(Na_{4}BeAlSi_{4}O_{12}Cl)$ and nosean $(Na_{8}Al_{6}Si_{6}O_{24}SO_{4})$ as coloring material of blue pigment and C.I. pigments blue $29(Na_{7}Al_{6}Si_{6}O_{24}S_{3})$ which is used in modern times. In green pigments of Dancheong fragments, it is confirmed that calumetite$(Cu(OHCI)_{2}{\cdot}2H_{2}O)$, escolaite(Cr2O3), dichromium trioxide$(Cr_{2}O_{3})$, emerald green$(C_{2}H_{3}As_{3}Cu_{2}O_{8})$, and C.I. pigments green$(C_{32}H_{16}-XCl_{x}Cu_{8})$ which is used in modern time. In black pigments of Dancheong fragments, Chiness ink(carbon black) is confirmed.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 2022

In order to improve water quality of the water system contaminated with dyes, biochars prepared using discarded waste resources were applied in this study. Biochars with a large specific surface area were manufactured using street tree pruning products or waste wood, and were applied to remove an organic dye in synthetic water. Biochars were made by pyrolysis of typical street tree porch products (Platanas, Ginkgo, Aak) and waste wood under air-controlled conditions. Methylene blue (MB), which is widely used in phosphofibers, paper, leather, and cotton media, was selected in this study. The adsorption capacity of Platanas for MB was the highest and the q_max value obtained using the Langmuir model equation was 78.47 mg/g. In addition, the adsorption energy (E) (kJ/mol) of MB using the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model equation was 4.891 kJ/mol which was less than 8 kJ/mol (a criteria distinguishing physical adsorption from chemical adsorption). This result suggests a physical adsorption with weak interactions such as van der Waals force between the biochar and MB. In addition, the physical adsorption may resulted from that Platanas-based biohar has the largest specific surface area and pore volume. The ∆G value obtained through the adsorption experiment according to temperature variation was -3.67 to -7.68, which also suggests a physical adsorption. Considering these adsorption results, the adsorption of MB onto Platanas-based biochar seems to occur through physical adsorption. Overall, it was possible to suggest that adsorption capacity of the biochr prepared from this study was equal to or greater than that of commercial activated carbon reported in other studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1044-1049
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to investigate whether the presence of light or different colors of light would influence the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens. Eight 8-week-old broiler chickens were adapted to a respiration chamber (Length, 28.5 cm; Height, 38.5 cm; Width, 44.0 cm) for one week prior to the initiation of the experiment. In experiment 1, energy expenditure and behavior of the chickens were analyzed in the presence or absence of light for four days. Chickens were exposed to 6 cycles of 2 h light/2 h dark period per day. In experiment 2, the broiler chickens that had been used in experiment 1 were used to evaluate the effect of 4 different wavelength light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens. The LEDs used in this study had the following wavelength bands; white (control), red (618 to 635 nm), green (515 to 530 nm) and blue (450 to 470 nm). The chickens were randomly exposed to a 2-h LED light in a random and sequential order per day for 3 days. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of the chickens were recorded using an open-circuit calorimeter system, and energy expenditure was calculated based on the collected data. The behavior of the chickens was analyzed based on following categories i.e., resting, standing, and pecking, and closed-circuit television was used to record these behavioral postures. The analysis of data from experiment 1 showed that the energy expenditure was higher (p<0.001) in chickens under light condition compared with those under dark condition. The chickens spent more time with pecking during a light period, but they frequently exhibited resting during a dark period. Experiment 2 showed that there was no significant difference in terms of energy expenditure and behavior based on the color of light (white, red, green, and blue) to which the chickens were exposed. In conclusion, the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens were found to be strongly affected by the presence of light. On the other hand, there was no discernible difference in their energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens exposed to the different LED lights.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.363-368
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• 1982

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigations were carried out on the systems of pyridine with iodine, iodine monobromide and iodine monochloride in carbon tetrachloride. The results reveal the formation of the one to one molecular complexes of the type, $C_5H_5N{\cdot}I_2$, $ C_5H_5$N{\cdot}IBr and $ C_5H_5N{\cdot}ICl$. Considering ${\lambda}_max$ according to the formation of charge transfer complexes has the blue shift with the increasing temperatures$25, 40, 60^{\circ}C$ the equilibrium constants K and molar absorptivities $\varepsilon$ of complexes were obtained. From these values, the thermodynamic parameters ${\Delta}H$, ${\Delta}G$ and ${\Delta}S$ for the formation of the above charge transfer complexes were obtained. These results indicate that the relative stabilities of iodine, iodine monobromide and iodine monochloride complexes with pyridine increase in the order, $ C_5H_5N{\cdot}I_2$ < $ C_5H_5N{\cdot}IBr$ <$ C_5H_5N{\cdot}ICl$. This may be a measure of relative acidity of halogen and interhalogen toward pyridine and can be explained by the polarizabilities of electron acceptors and the difference of electronegativities of halogen atoms.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.228-235
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• 1981

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigation were carried out on the systems of pyridine, ${\beta}$-picoline and 3,5-lutidine with iodine in carbon tetrachloride. The results reveal the formation of one to one molecular complexes of the type, $C_5H_5N{\cdot}I_2$, ${\beta}-C_5H_4(CH_3)N{\cdot}I_2$ and 3,5-$C_5H_3(CH_3)_2N{\cdot}I_2$. The equrilibrium constants of complexes were obtained in consideration of that absorption maxima have the blue shift with the increasing temperatures according to the formation of the charge transfer complexes. The thermodynamic parameters, ${\Delta}H$, ${\Delta}G$ and ${\Delta}S$ for the formation of the charge transfer complexes were calculated from these values. These results indicated that the relative stabilities of the pyridine, ${\beta}$-picoline and 3,5-lutidine complexes with iodine increase in the order, pyridine < ${\beta}$-picoline < 3,5-lutidine. These results were supposed to be the influence resulted from increase of electron density by the positive inductive effect and the dipole moment of the steric hindrance effect. And this results were compared and discussed with polymethylbenzene-iodine CT-complexes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Most of the researches on the dye removal using ozonation have been focused on the removal efficiency. However, the research on their removal characteristics and mechanism according to the reaction time has been still insufficient. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, the effects of initial pH and dye concentration with reaction time on the degradation characteristics of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) by ozonation were evaluated. The degradation efficiency of MB by ozonation increased with increasing pH. On the other hand, the degradation efficiency of MO by ozonation did not show a significant difference with varing pH. The both MO and MB by ozonation were decomposed within 30 min irrespective of the dye concentration, but the decomposition rates of dyes were faster at lower initial dye concentration. The decomposition efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) in each dye solution by ozonation was low, which was found to be effective for partial decomposition such as decolorization rather than complete degradation of the dye. CONCLUSION: Overall, ozonation was an effective method for removing nondegradable dyes. However, it is necessary to study the optimization of dye degradation under various environmental conditions for ozonation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.351-360
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• 1981

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigations have been carried out on the system of durene with iodine, bromine, iodine monochloride and iodine monobromide in carbon tetrachloride. The results reveal the formation of the charge transfer complexes of the type, $C_6H_2(CH_3)_4{\cdot}X_2$ or $C_6H_2(CH_3)_4{\cdot}IX$(X denotes halogen atoms). The equilibrium constant were obtained in consideration of that absorption maxima due to the formation of the charge transfer complexes shift to blue with the increasing temperatures. The thermodynamic parameters, ${\Delta}H,\;{\Delta}G\;and\;{\Delta}S$ for the formation of the charge transfer complexes were calculated from these values. These results indicate that the relative stabilities of the durene complexes at each temperature decrease in the order, $ICl>IBr>I_2>Br_2$. This order may be a measure of their relative acidities toward durene, which is explained in terms of the relative polarizabilities of halogen molecules and the relative electronegativities of halogen atoms. These results combined with previous study of this series indicated that the relative stabilities of the polymethylbenzene complexes with iodine increase in the order; Benzene

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 1981

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigations have been carried out on the systems of mesitylene with iodine, bromine, iodine monochloride and iodine monobromide in carbon tetrachloride. The results reveal the formation of the charge transfer complexes of the type, $C_6H_3(CH_3)_3{\cdot}X_2$ or $C_6H_3(CH_3)_3{\cdot}IX$ (X denotes halogen atoms). The equilibrium constants were obtained in consideration of that absorption maxima due to the formation of the charge transfer complexes shift to blue with the increasing temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters, ${\Delta}H$, ${\Delta}G$ and ${\Delta}S$ for the formation of the charge transfer complexes were calculated from these values. These results indicate that the relative stabilities of the mesitylene complexes at each temperature decrease in the order, ICl > IBr > $I_2$ > $Br_2$. This order may be a measure of their relative acidities toward mesitylene, which is explaned in terms of the relative polarizabilities of halogen molecules and the relative electronegativities of halogen atoms. These results combined with previous study of this series indicated that the relative stabilities of the polymethylbenzene complexes with iodine increase in the order Benzene < Toluene < Xylene < Mesitylene Thus, analysis of these findings is discussed.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2013

Two strains were isolated from the traditional Deep Blue Sediment Dye of Polygoum tinctoria, Niram, and temporarily named Niram A and Niram B, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain Niram A and B were closely related to the members of the genus Comamonas and Microbacterium, respectively. Strain Niram A exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to C. aquatica LMG $2370^T$ (98.06%). Strain Niram B showed 100% homology with M. oxydans DSM 20578T and M. maritypicum DSM $12512^T$. The growth of the strain Niram A and B was not inhibited in Niram medium containing high calcium concentration without free sugar as carbon source. The reducing Niram is greenish. Therefore, the reducing ability on the Niram of the strains Niram A and B were determined with the color difference of the $a^*$ values of Niram fermented-fluids. The $a^*$ value indicates the level of redness (positive value) or greenness (negative value). The green color is increasing towards the negative value. In all samples fermented for 10 days, the $a^*$ values among samples were no significant difference. However, samples fermented for 15 days have an appreciable change. After fermentation for 15 days, the control Niram sample had $-3.96{\pm}0.02$ of the $a^*$ value. On the other hand, the Niram samples fermented with the strain Niram A and B showed $-4.20{\pm}0.02$ of the $a^*$ value and $-7.86{\pm}0.03$ of the $a^*$ value, respectively. In the reducing ability on the Niram, the strain Niram B was significantly better than the strain Niram A.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 2012

Histamine is a kind of primary biogenic amine arising from the decarboxylation of the amino acid L-histidine. The toxicology of histamine and its occurrence and formation in foods are especially emphasized in fermented foods. In this study, the biosensor for detection of histamine with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was developed. We also searched for an appropriate insoluble substrate to immobilize the enzyme. The developed biosensor showed a detection limit of $0.1{\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme reactor was prepared with diamine oxidase immobilized on insoluble carriers including CNBr-activated sepharose 4B, calcium alginate, and controlled pore size glass beads. The coupling efficiency of CNBr-activated sepharose 4B, calcium alginate, and controlled pore size glass beads were 48.5%, 40.3%, and 51.0%, respectively. In addition, the response currents on histamine with each immobilized enzyme reactor prepared with CNBr-activated sepharose 4B, calcium alginate, and controlled pore size glass beads were 120 nA, 110 nA, and 140 nA at $100{\mu}M$ of histamine concentration, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that controlled pore size glass beads are the best carriers for immobilizing diamine oxidase to detect histamine in this biosensor.